The formation of nanoscale fibers from pH-sensitive polymers is a route which has been widely explored for targeted drug delivery. In particular, the Eudragit L100 and S100 families of polymers have ...received significant attention for this purpose. However, while in some cases it is shown that making drug-loaded Eudragit polymers effectively prevents drug release in low-pH media where the polymer is insoluble, this is not always the case, and other studies have reported significant amounts of drug release at acidic pHs. In this study, we sought to gain insight into the factors influencing the release of active ingredients from Eudragit S100 (ES100) fibers. A family of materials was prepared loaded with the model active ingredients (AIs) benzoic acid, 1-naphthoic acid, 1-naphthylamine, and 9-anthracene carboxylic acid. Analogous systems were prepared with an AI-loaded core and an ES100 sheath. The resultant fibers were smooth and cylindrical in the majority of cases, and X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry showed them to comprise amorphous solid dispersions. When AI release from the monolithic fibers was probed, it was found that there was significant release at pH 1 in all cases except with 9-anthracene carboxylic acid. Analysis of the results indicated that both the molecular weight of the AI and its acidity/basicity are important in controlling release, with lower molecular weight AIs and basic species released more quickly. The same release trends are seen with the core/shell fibers, but AI release at pH 1 is attenuated. The most significant change between the monolithic and core/shell systems was observed in the case of 1-naphthylamine. Mathematical equations were devised to connect molecular properties and AI release under acidic conditions.
Carbothioamides
,
were generated in high yield by reacting furan imidazolyl ketone
with
-arylthiosemicarbazide in EtOH with a catalytic amount of conc. HCl. The reaction of carbothioamides
,
with ...hydrazonyl chlorides
-
in EtOH with triethylamine at reflux produced 1,3-thiazole derivatives
-
. In a different approach, the 1,3-thiazole derivatives
and
were produced by reacting
and
with chloroacetone to afford
and
, respectively, followed by diazotization with 4-methylbenzenediazonium chloride. The thiourea derivatives
and
then reacted with ethyl chloroacetate in ethanol with AcONa at reflux to give the thiazolidinone derivatives
and
. The produced compounds were tested for antioxidant and antibacterial properties. Using phosphomolybdate, promising thiazoles
and
showed the best antioxidant activities at 1962.48 and 2007.67 µgAAE/g dry samples, respectively. Thiazoles
and
had the highest antibacterial activity against
and
with 28, 25 and 27, 28 mm, respectively. Thiazoles
and
had the best activity against
with 26 mm and 37 mm, respectively. Thiazole
had the highest activity against
, surpassing cyclohexamide. Most compounds demonstrated lower MIC values than neomycin against
,
and
. A molecular docking study examined how antimicrobial compounds interact with DNA gyrase B crystal structures. The study found that all of the compounds had good binding energy to the enzymes and reacted similarly to the native inhibitor with the target DNA gyrase B enzymes' key amino acids.
Display omitted
This paper reports an investigation of the microwave-assisted synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) using extract of stinky bean (Parkia speciosa Hassk) pods (BP). The formation ...of Ag NPs was identified by instrumental analysis consists of UV–vis spectrophotometry, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrophotometry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and particle size analysis. Furthermore, Ag NPs were used as antibacterial agents against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The results indicate rapid formation of Ag NPs during microwave irradiation with similar properties to those obtained through the aging method. In general, the use of microwave irradiation yields larger particles, and it is affected by volume ratio of the extract to the AgNO3 solution. The prepared materials demonstrated antibacterial activity.
Introduction: Magnetic resonance cholangio-pancreatography examination using natural contrast media has not provided an optimal image of gastroduodenal suppression that covers the image of the ...biliary system. Natural materials used as contrast media continue to be developed with various previous studies, but not many have been associated with using, nanoparticles as natural contrast media materials. This study aims to make manganese nanoparticles in oolong tea extract is used as an oral contrast medium.
Many leading palaeoanthropologists quickly came to regard this large-brained, anatomically modern human fossil from the Middle Stone Age (280,000-30,000 years ago) as an early version of the ...'Bushman' (a term for the San-speaking peoples of southern Africa). A decade later, Raymond Dart - who first described the Australopithecus africanus fossil known as the Taung Child - encountered evidence of past African cultures such as the Nyanga terrace complex in Zimbabwe, thought to have been used in agriculture from 1300 to 1900, along with traces of ancient precolonial gold mining in the mountains of Nyanga. In Bones and Bodies, forensic anthropologist Alan Morris takes us on a journey to the past, revealing such nefarious, racist interpretations of historically important fossils and artefacts related to the origin of humanity.
Simulation is a technique for practice and learning that can be applied to many different disciplines and trainees. It is a technique (not a technology) to replace and amplify real experiences with ...guided ones, often "immersive" in nature, that evoke or replicate substantial aspects of the real world in a fully interactive fashion. Simulation-based learning can be the way to develop health professionals' knowledge, skills, and attitudes, whilst protecting patients from unnecessary risks. Simulation-based medical education can be a platform which provides a valuable tool in learning to mitigate ethical tensions and resolve practical dilemmas. Simulation-based training techniques, tools, and strategies can be applied in designing structured learning experiences, as well as be used as a measurement tool linked to targeted teamwork competencies and learning objectives. It has been widely applied in fields such aviation and the military. In medicine, simulation offers good scope for training of interdisciplinary medical teams. The realistic scenarios and equipment allows for retraining and practice till one can master the procedure or skill. An increasing number of health care institutions and medical schools are now turning to simulation-based learning. Teamwork training conducted in the simulated environment may offer an additive benefit to the traditional didactic instruction, enhance performance, and possibly also help reduce errors.
Psychological safety refers to the belief that one can express oneself without fear of the negative consequences or feedback that their speech, comment, or action might generate. It is about the ...willingness of learners or workers in an organization, in expressing themselves physically, cognitively, and emotionally. Psychological safety is very dynamic and will continue to evolve and change, with the interplay of a variety of external and internal factors affecting the individual, the organization, or the community. It is also closely linked to the culture in the organization, the institution, or the department. It has become a new norm, especially in high-frequency, high-intensity, and high-performance institutions and workplaces, that psychological safety must be mainstreamed and should not be just an incidental element. It also serves as a foundation for effective learning. When people feel safe and comfortable, they are more open to development, growth, and negotiating change. This is a current opinion piece by the author, who is the Director of The SingHealth Duke NUS Institute of Medical Simulation in Singapore. This is the largest and most comprehensive facility in Singapore, which is also the largest in South-East Asia. It has accreditation by the Society for Simulation in Healthcare. The paper is unique in sharing the perspectives of psychological safety in simulation-based education as well as many of the issues related to culture, which can trump strategy. Characteristics and attributes for facilitators, team training and dynamics, as well as the issue of power and hierarchy are also addressed.
The main goal of this research is to analyzed the efectiviness of the implementation of on training program integrating character education in the learning of Civic Education for the learning teacher ...community of civics education subyect of yunior high school in Tapin district. The research in evaluative research by using an evaluation model in mesuare the efectiviness of the program Kirkpartrick. Data are collected techniques using Qualitative approach with technichques observation, interviews, and documentation., also questionerres. The reactions showed a high level of response categories and efective, learning level is efective, level behavioral is efective and very useful, because it change behavior in teachers attitude, skill and knawledge, and resuls level showed a responsibility of civics education teachers giving positive response as seen from their working effectiveness as the manifestation of qualities of working and creativity.
The infamous garbage patches on the surface of subtropical oceanic gyres are proof that plastic is polluting the ocean on an unprecedented scale. The fate of floating plastic debris 'trapped' in ...these gyres, however, remains largely unknown. Here, we provide the first evidence for the vertical transfer of plastic debris from the North Pacific Garbage Patch (NPGP) into the underlying deep sea. The numerical and mass concentrations of plastic fragments (500 µm to 5 cm in size) suspended in the water column below the NPGP follow a power law decline with water depth, reaching values <0.001 pieces/m
and <0.1 µg/m
in the deep sea. The plastic particles in the NPGP water column are mostly in the size range of particles that are apparently missing from the ocean surface and the polymer composition of plastic in the NPGP water column is similar to that of floating debris circulating in its surface waters (i.e. dominated by polyethylene and polypropylene). Our results further reveal a positive correlation between the amount of plastic debris at the sea surface and the depth-integrated concentrations of plastic fragments in the water column. We therefore conclude that the presence of plastics in the water column below the NPGP is the result of 'fallout' of small plastic fragments from its surface waters.
Stigma across HIV/AIDS, mental illness, and physical disability can be co-occurring and may interact with other forms of stigma related to social identities like race, gender, and sexuality. Stigma ...is especially problematic for people living with these conditions because it can create barriers to accessing necessary social and structural supports, which can intensify their experiences with stigma. This review aims to contribute to the knowledge on stigma by advancing a cross-analysis of HIV/AIDS, mental illness, and physical disability stigma, and exploring whether and how intersectionality frameworks have been used in the systematic reviews of stigma.
A search of the literature was conducted to identify systematic reviews which investigated stigma for HIV/AIDS, mental illness and/or physical disability. The electronic databases MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, COCHRANE, and PsycINFO were searched for reviews published between 2005 and 2017. Data were extracted from eligible reviews on: type of systematic review and number of primary studies included in the review, study design study population(s), type(s) of stigma addressed, and destigmatizing interventions used. A keyword search was also done using the terms "intersectionality", "intersectional", and "intersection"; related definitions and descriptions were extracted. Matrices were used to compare the characteristics of reviews and their application of intersectional approaches across the three health conditions.
Ninety-eight reviews met the inclusion criteria. The majority (99%) of reviews examined only one of the health conditions. Just three reviews focused on physical disability. Most reviews (94%) reported a predominance of behavioural rather than structural interventions targeting stigma in the primary studies. Only 17% of reviews used the concept and/or approach of intersectionality; all but one of these reviews examined HIV/AIDS.
The lack of systematic reviews comparing stigma across mental illness, HIV/AIDS, and physical disability indicates the need for more cross-comparative analyses among these conditions. The integration of intersectional approaches would deepen interrogations of co-occurring social identities and stigma.
PDF
