Tanulmányunkban azt vizsgáltuk, hogy az elmúlt 10 év adatai igazolják-e azt, hogy a kelet-európai országok csak az alultőkésítettség miatt nem teljesítettek a potenciáljuknak megfelelő mértékben. Az ...Európai Unió tagországai közül kiragadtunk 6 nyugati és 6 keleti országot, vagyis két országcsoportot képeztünk, ezt követően pedig megvizsgáltuk a kiválasztott 6-6 ország teljesítményét. Megállapítható, hogy az elmúlt évtizedben a keleti térség országainak kibocsátási szintje a potenciális pálya közelében mozgott, miközben a hat nyugati ország teljesítménye észrevehetően elmaradt saját potenciális értékétől. (Hollandia magas pozitívértéke egyedinek tekinthető.) Amennyiben a nyugati országokhoz illesztett, lineáris modell alapján becsült potenciális kibocsátási értékekhez viszonyítjuk a tényleges kibocsátást, a keleti országokra átlagosan kevesebb mint 40%-os értéket kapunk. Ezen belül Románia, Lengyelország és Szlovénia egyharmados értéken áll, Magyarország és Szlovákia kicsivel meghaladja a 40%-ot, Csehország a 62%-ot. A FAO és az EBRD megállapításával összhangban ez azt a feltételezést erősíti, hogy például a lengyelek, a románok és a szlovének tőkebevonással (elsősorban gépesítéssel, fejlett technológia alkalmazásával és az ahhoz szükséges szaktudással) nagyarányú, akár háromszoros értéket lennének képesek elérni. Továbbá megállapítható, hogy – egyetértve Harvey-vel – a közösségi támogatások inkoherensek és illegitimek. Bárhogyan vizsgáltuk a KAP-pénzek elosztását, akár az output részarányhoz viszonyítva, akár az egy főre jutó GDP-hez viszonyítva, akár egy hektárra vetítve, a keleti országok és a hollandok a legkevesebb támogatást kapták, ezzel szemben az osztrákok, a dánok, a franciák a támogatásokból nagyobb mértékben részesültek, holott a teljesítményük ezt nem indokolja. Más szavakkal, az erősen támogatott nyugati országok jelentős szubvencióval együtt sem tudtak a többiekhez képest kimagasló teljesítményt nyújtani, miközben az alultámogatott, újonnan csatlakozott országok rejtett potenciáljának kihasználását jelentősen elősegíthetné a közösségi forrásokból való magasabb részesedés. --- Our paper examines whether data from the last 10 years confirm that Eastern European countries were unable to perform in line with their potentials only due to their weak capitalisation. We selected 6 Western and 6 Eastern countries from among the EU member states and examined the performance of these two groups.It was found that the output level of the countries of the Eastern regions followed their line of potential, while the performance of the six Western countries was appreciably lower than their own potential. (The high figure calculated for the Netherlands can be considered a unique result.)Comparison of the actual output to the potential output calculated on the basis of the linear model fitted to the Western countries, the figure calculated for the Eastern countries is on average less than 40%. Romania, Poland and Slovenia are at one third; Hungary and Slovakia are a little over 40%, and the Czech Republic is at 62%. In line with the conclusion of the FAO and EBRD, this supports the assumption that for example the Polish, the Romanian and the Slovenian could achieve a much higher value - as much as triple - through improves capitalisation (primarily through the acquisition of machinery, the introduction of advanced technologies and the necessary expertise). In agreement with Harvey, it can also be concluded that the Community grants are incoherent and illegitimate. No matter how we examined the distribution of CAP monies, whether in terms of the countries’ share of output, per capita GDP, or per hectare, the Eastern countries and the Netherlands receive the least subsidies, while Austria, Denmark and France receive a larger share of the subsidies even though their performance does not justify it. In other words, despite the large amounts of subsidies, the strongly subsidized Western countries were unable to achieve outstanding results compared to the others, while a higher share of the Community funds could greatly help the newly joined countries live up to their hidden potential.
The strain of infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT virus utilised for these vaccine-development studies was isolated from an outbreak of the disease in Hungary. Inactivating agents tested included ...beta-propio-lactone, methyleneimine, ethyleneimine EI and formalin. ILT virus preparations inactivated with EI appeared to be the most antigenic when inoculated into chickens in the absence of adjuvant.
For formulation of a trial oil-emulsion ILT vaccine for experimentation, ILT virus inactivated with 1200 μg/ml of EI was mixed with an equal volume of 50% incomplete Freund's adjuvant and then homogenised. Experimental vaccination of chickens with inactivated ILT vaccine elicited satisfactory serological response and protection to challenge both under laboratory and field conditions. Although only minor increases in antibody titres could be achieved by repeated vaccination with inactivated ILT vaccine at 2 to 5 weeks after primary vaccination at 10-weeks-old with attenuated or inactivated ILT vaccines, the protection conferred by vaccination with a single dose of the trial inactivated ILT vaccine appeared to be effective for at least 12 months. Hence, there would appear to be potential for inactivated-ILT vaccines in control of ILT, especially on sites that are regularly affected by this infection.
•Biogas from co-digestion with pretreated forest residues was simulated and evaluated.•Plant capacity of 50,000 tons per year forest residues and above is financially feasible.•The cost of the NMMO ...was regarded as the largest operating expenditure.•Biogas production was compared with the energy produced during incineration.
Biogas is nowadays getting more attention as a means for converting wastes and lignocelluloses to green fuels for cars and electricity production. The process of biogas production from N-methylmorpholine oxide (NMMO) pretreated forest residues used in a co-digestion process was economically evaluated. The co-digestion occurs together with the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW). The process simulated the milling of the lignocelluloses, NMMO pretreatment unit, washing and filtration of the feedstock, followed by an anaerobic co-digestion, upgrading of the biogas and de-watering of the digestate. The process also took into consideration the utilization of 100,000 DW (dried weight) tons of forest residues and 200,000 DW tons of OFMSW per year. It resulted in an internal rate of return (IRR) of 24.14% prior to taxes, which might be attractive economically. The cost of the chemical NMMO treatment was regarded as the most challenging operating cost, followed by the evaporation of the washing water. Sensitivity analysis was performed on different plant size capacities, treating and digesting between 25,000 and 400,000 DW tons forest residues per year. It shows that the minimum plant capacity of 50,000 DW tons forest residues per year is financially viable. Moreover, different co-digestion scenarios were evaluated. The co-digestion of forest residues together with sewage sludge instead of OFMSW, and the digestion of forest residues only were shown to be non-feasible solutions with too low IRR. Furthermore, biogas production from forest residues was compared with the energy produced during combustion.
This study evaluates the potential therapeutic effects of anthocyanin-rich Prunus cerasus (sour cherry) extract (PCE) on atherosclerosis-associated cardiac dysfunction, described by the impairment of ...the NO-PKG (nitric oxide–protein kinase G) pathway and the antioxidant capacity. Initially, a rabbit model of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease was established by administering a cholesterol-rich diet, enabling the examination of the impact of 9 g/kg PCE on the pre-existing compromised cardiovascular condition. After that, the animals were divided into four groups for 12 weeks: the (1) untreated control group; (2) PCE-administered healthy rabbits; (3) hypercholesterolemic (HC) group kept on an atherogenic diet; and (4) PCE-treated HC group. Dyslipidemia, impaired endothelial function, and signs of diastolic dysfunction were evident in hypercholesterolemic rabbits, accompanied by a reduced cardiac expression of eNOS (endothelial nitric oxide synthase), PKG, and SERCA2a (sarco/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 2a). Subsequent PCE treatment improved the lipid profile and the cardiac function. Additionally, PCE administration was associated with elevated myocardial levels of eNOS, PKG, and SERCA2a, while no significant changes in the vascular status were observed. Western blot analysis further revealed hypercholesterolemia-induced increase and PCE-associated reduction in heme oxygenase-1 expression. The observed effects of anthocyanins indicate their potential as a valuable addition to the treatment regimen for atherosclerosis-associated cardiac dysfunction.
Chronic administration of high doses of hexavalent chromium Cr(VI) as sodium dichromate dihydrate (SDD) elicits alimentary cancers in mice. To further elucidate key events underlying tumor formation, ...a 90-day drinking water study was conducted in B6C3F1 mice. Differential gene expression was examined in duodenal and jejunal epithelial samples following 7 or 90 days of exposure to 0, 0.3, 4, 14, 60, 170 or 520 mg/L SDD in drinking water. Genome-wide microarray analyses identified 6562 duodenal and 4448 jejunal unique differentially expressed genes at day 8, and 4630 and 4845 unique changes, respectively, in the duodenum and jejunum at day 91. Comparative analysis identified significant overlap in duodenal and jejunal differential gene expression. Automated dose–response modeling identified > 80% of the differentially expressed genes exhibited sigmoidal dose–response curves with EC{sub 50} values ranging from 10 to 100 mg/L SDD. Only 16 genes satisfying the dose-dependent differential expression criteria had EC{sub 50} values < 10 mg/L SDD, 3 of which were regulated by Nrf2, suggesting oxidative stress in response to SDD at low concentrations. Analyses of differentially expressed genes identified over-represented functions associated with oxidative stress, cell cycle, lipid metabolism, and immune responses consistent with the reported effects on redox status and histopathology at corresponding SDD drinking water concentrations. Collectively, these data are consistent with a mode of action involving oxidative stress and cytotoxicity as early key events. This suggests that the tumorigenic effects of chronic Cr(VI) oral exposure likely require chronic tissue damage and compensatory epithelial cell proliferation. Highlights: ► Mouse small intestine gene expression is highly responsive to hexavalent chromium Cr(VI). ► Cr(VI) elicits more differential gene expression after 7 days of exposure than 90 days of exposure. ► Oral exposure to Cr(VI) leads to oxidative stress, cell cycle, lipid and immune dysregulation. ► Cr(VI) elicits dose-dependent changes in gene expression with an overall median EC{sub 50} of 47 mg/L SDD.
Chronic administration of high doses of hexavalent chromium Cr(VI) as sodium dichromate dihydrate (SDD) elicits alimentary cancers in mice. To further elucidate key events underlying tumor formation, ...a 90-day drinking water study was conducted in B6C3F1 mice. Differential gene expression was examined in duodenal and jejunal epithelial samples following 7 or 90days of exposure to 0, 0.3, 4, 14, 60, 170 or 520mg/L SDD in drinking water. Genome-wide microarray analyses identified 6562 duodenal and 4448 jejunal unique differentially expressed genes at day 8, and 4630 and 4845 unique changes, respectively, in the duodenum and jejunum at day 91. Comparative analysis identified significant overlap in duodenal and jejunal differential gene expression. Automated dose–response modeling identified >80% of the differentially expressed genes exhibited sigmoidal dose–response curves with EC50 values ranging from 10 to 100mg/L SDD. Only 16 genes satisfying the dose-dependent differential expression criteria had EC50 values <10mg/L SDD, 3 of which were regulated by Nrf2, suggesting oxidative stress in response to SDD at low concentrations. Analyses of differentially expressed genes identified over-represented functions associated with oxidative stress, cell cycle, lipid metabolism, and immune responses consistent with the reported effects on redox status and histopathology at corresponding SDD drinking water concentrations. Collectively, these data are consistent with a mode of action involving oxidative stress and cytotoxicity as early key events. This suggests that the tumorigenic effects of chronic Cr(VI) oral exposure likely require chronic tissue damage and compensatory epithelial cell proliferation.
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► Mouse small intestine gene expression is highly responsive to hexavalent chromium Cr(VI). ► Cr(VI) elicits more differential gene expression after 7days of exposure than 90days of exposure. ► Oral exposure to Cr(VI) leads to oxidative stress, cell cycle, lipid and immune dysregulation. ► Cr(VI) elicits dose-dependent changes in gene expression with an overall median EC50 of 47mg/L SDD.
Continuous exposure to high concentrations of hexavalent chromium Cr(VI) in drinking water results in intestinal tumors in mice but not rats. Concentration-dependent gene expression effects were ...evaluated in female F344 rat duodenal and jejunal epithelia following 7 and 90days of exposure to 0.3–520mg/L (as sodium dichromate dihydrate, SDD) in drinking water. Whole-genome microarrays identified 3269 and 1815 duodenal, and 4557 and 1534 jejunal differentially expressed genes at 8 and 91days, respectively, with significant overlaps between the intestinal segments. Functional annotation identified gene expression changes associated with oxidative stress, cell cycle, cell death, and immune response that were consistent with reported changes in redox status and histopathology. Comparative analysis with B6C3F1 mouse data from a similarly designed study identified 2790 differentially expressed rat orthologs in the duodenum compared to 5013 mouse orthologs at day 8, and only 1504 rat and 3484 mouse orthologs at day 91. Automated dose–response modeling resulted in similar median EC50s in the rodent duodenal and jejunal mucosae. Comparative examination of differentially expressed genes also identified divergently regulated orthologs. Comparable numbers of differentially expressed genes were observed at equivalent Cr concentrations (μg Cr/g duodenum). However, mice accumulated higher Cr levels than rats at ≥170mg/L SDD, resulting in a ~2-fold increase in the number of differentially expressed genes. These qualitative and quantitative differences in differential gene expression, which correlate with differences in tissue dose, likely contribute to the disparate intestinal tumor outcomes.
► Cr(VI) elicits dose-dependent changes in gene expression in rat intestine. ► Cr(VI) elicits less differential gene expression in rats compared to mice. ► Cr(VI) gene expression can be phenotypically anchored to intestinal changes. ► Species-specific and divergent changes are consistent with species-specific tumors.
This study evaluates the potential therapeutic effects of anthocyanin-rich Prunus cerasus (sour cherry) extract (PCE) on atherosclerosis-associated cardiac dysfunction, described by the impairment of ...the NO-PKG (nitric oxide–protein kinase G) pathway and the antioxidant capacity. Initially, a rabbit model of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease was established by administering a cholesterol-rich diet, enabling the examination of the impact of 9 g/kg PCE on the pre-existing compromised cardiovascular condition. After that, the animals were divided into four groups for 12 weeks: the (1) untreated control group; (2) PCE-administered healthy rabbits; (3) hypercholesterolemic (HC) group kept on an atherogenic diet; and (4) PCE-treated HC group. Dyslipidemia, impaired endothelial function, and signs of diastolic dysfunction were evident in hypercholesterolemic rabbits, accompanied by a reduced cardiac expression of eNOS (endothelial nitric oxide synthase), PKG, and SERCA2a (sarco/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 2a). Subsequent PCE treatment improved the lipid profile and the cardiac function. Additionally, PCE administration was associated with elevated myocardial levels of eNOS, PKG, and SERCA2a, while no significant changes in the vascular status were observed. Western blot analysis further revealed hypercholesterolemia-induced increase and PCE-associated reduction in heme oxygenase-1 expression. The observed effects of anthocyanins indicate their potential as a valuable addition to the treatment regimen for atherosclerosis-associated cardiac dysfunction.
The outbreak and transmission of disease-causing pathogens are contributing to the unprecedented rate of biodiversity decline. Recent advances in genomics have coalesced into powerful tools to ...monitor, detect, and reconstruct the role of pathogens impacting wildlife populations. Wildlife researchers are thus uniquely positioned to merge ecological and evolutionary studies with genomic technologies to exploit unprecedented "Big Data" tools in disease research; however, many researchers lack the training and expertise required to use these computationally intensive methodologies. To address this disparity, the inaugural "Genomics of Disease in Wildlife" workshop assembled early to mid-career professionals with expertise across scientific disciplines (e.g., genomics, wildlife biology, veterinary sciences, and conservation management) for training in the application of genomic tools to wildlife disease research. A horizon scanning-like exercise, an activity to identify forthcoming trends and challenges, performed by the workshop participants identified and discussed 5 themes considered to be the most pressing to the application of genomics in wildlife disease research: 1) "Improving communication," 2) "Methodological and analytical advancements," 3) "Translation into practice," 4) "Integrating landscape ecology and genomics," and 5) "Emerging new questions." Wide-ranging solutions from the horizon scan were international in scope, itemized both deficiencies and strengths in wildlife genomic initiatives, promoted the use of genomic technologies to unite wildlife and human disease research, and advocated best practices for optimal use of genomic tools in wildlife disease projects. The results offer a glimpse of the potential revolution in human and wildlife disease research possible through multi-disciplinary collaborations at local, regional, and global scales.
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