Photoelectrodes consisting of TiO2 nanotube layers with different thicknesses (0.5 mum, 1.7 mum, 3 mum, 6 mum, 9 mum, and 18 mum) were prepared by anodization of titanium substrates and subsequent ...surface modification by a heat treatment at 400 deg C in the presence of urea pyrolysis products. In contrast to unmodified TiO2 nanotubes, the modified photoelectrodes exhibit photocurrents under visible light irradiation down to 750 nm. Photocurrent transients indicate enhanced recombination unless a suitable hole-scavenger, like iodide, is present since the photogenerated holes do not oxidize water efficiently. In the visible light the photoconversion efficiency increases significantly with nanotube length. The maximum incident photon-to-current efficiency (IPCE) was observed for tubes with the length of 6-9 mum (IPCE 4.5% and 1.4% at 450 nm and 550 nm, respectively) and the photocurrent enhancement with increasing tube length is found to be stronger at longer irradiations wavelengths.
Men and Gender Equality Scambor, Elli; Bergmann, Nadja; Wojnicka, Katarzyna ...
Men and masculinities,
12/2014, Volume:
17, Issue:
5
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
In this article, some of the most important findings of the European research project The Role of Men in Gender Equality (2011–2012) are discussed. This project was the first systematic research ...study of all European Union member states and associated European Free Trade Association states regarding men and gender equality in the fields of education and paid labor, the involvement of men in care and domestic work responsibilities, men’s health, gender-based violence, and men’s participation in gender equality policy. The main objective of the study was to gain better knowledge on the role and positioning of men concerning gender equality. A number of themes were emphasized. First, as the situation of men and women in societies is relational, the role of men cannot be understood, if the role of women is neglected. Second, a perspective on men as a heterogeneous social group was chosen in order to gain insights into men’s privileges as well as disadvantages according to class, ethnicity, disability, and other social indicators. This study shows that caring masculinity emerges as a central path forward, and one that is increasingly taken up in practice, together with women’s increasing education and professional role, and rising expectations of gender-balanced task divisions. But there is a need for further research on the complex relationship between caring masculinities and gender-equal roles, including marginalized and unemployed groups and men who turn their frustrations against gender equality and women’s new roles.
Diese Definition verwendet ebenfalls die Vereinigung der deutschen Führungskräfteverbände (United Leaders Association) in ihren Fragebögen, die sie an ihre Mitglieder versendet hat. In der ...angloamerikanischen Forschung werden bereits zusammenfassend »Flexible Work Arrangements«12 oder »Alternative Work Arrangements«13 untersucht. Bei der Nutzung der flexiblen Arbeitsmodelle nach Geschlecht fällt auf, dass weibliche Führungskräfte mehr Gebrauch von Teilzeit, Jobsharing, Elternzeit, Sabbaticals, Pflegezeit und Homeoffice machen als männliche Führungskräfte (vgl. Überwiegend als eher/sehr ungeeignet wurde Jobsharing (41,5 %) und Sabbaticals (36,1 %) beurteilt.
The authors examine the "freedom of choice" concept which, while widely talked about by traditional economists, is often opposed to gender equality policies. Making use of the Strauss and Corbin's ...(1996) conditional matrix, different societal and policy levels are considered in seeking to explain why decisions on paid/unpaid work are based on different conditions. The authors find that in circumstances that are inegalitarian there is no "freedom of choice". Among other things, free choice requires better conditions for caring masculinities, such as leave policies that include fathers. The paper is based on a secondary analysis of national data and studies in Austria, with a comparative aspect by looking at the results of international studies.
The semiconductor catalyzed photoaddition of cyclopentene or cyclohexene to various novel electron-poor imines of type p-XC(6)H(4)(CN)Cdouble bond, length as m-dashN(COPh) (X = H, F, Cl, Br, Me, MeO) ...was investigated as a function of the nature of the cadmium sulfide photocatalyst. Irradiation (lambda>/= 350 nm) of silica supported cadmium sulfide surprisingly did not afford the expected olefin-imine adducts but an imine hydrocyanation product via an unprecedented dark reaction. However, when silica was replaced by zinc sulfide as the support for cadmium sulfide, the expected homoallylic N-benzoyl-alpha-amino cyanides were isolated in yields of 65-84%. Thus, chemoselectivity is introduced through replacing an insulating by a semiconducting support, a hitherto unknown effect in semiconductor photocatalysis. From the sign of the time resolved photovoltage it is found that the mixed metal sulfide interface CdS/ZnS increases the lifetime of photogenerated electron-hole pairs by about one order of magnitude as compared to the SiO(2)/CdS system. The reaction rate increases with increasing imine sigma-Hammett constants and decreasing stability of intermediate benzyl radicals.
Photoelectrodes consisting of TiO
2 nanotube layers with different thicknesses (0.5
μm, 1.7
μm, 3
μm, 6
μm, 9
μm, and 18
μm) were prepared by anodization of titanium substrates and subsequent surface ...modification by a heat treatment at 400
°C in the presence of urea pyrolysis products. In contrast to unmodified TiO
2 nanotubes, the modified photoelectrodes exhibit photocurrents under visible light irradiation down to 750
nm. Photocurrent transients indicate enhanced recombination unless a suitable hole-scavenger, like iodide, is present since the photogenerated holes do not oxidize water efficiently. In the visible light the photoconversion efficiency increases significantly with nanotube length. The maximum incident photon-to-current efficiency (IPCE) was observed for tubes with the length of 6–9
μm (IPCE ∼4.5% and 1.4% at 450
nm and 550
nm, respectively) and the photocurrent enhancement with increasing tube length is found to be stronger at longer irradiations wavelengths.
Men and Gender Equality Scambor, Elli; Bergmann, Nadja; Wojnicka, Katarzyna ...
Men and masculinities,
2014, Volume:
17, Issue:
5
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
In this article, some of the most important findings of the European research project The Role of Men in Gender Equality (2011–2012) are discussed. This project was the first systematic research ...study of all European Union member states and associated European Free Trade Association states regarding men and gender equality in the fields of education and paid labor, the involvement of men in care and domestic work responsibilities, men’s health, gender-based violence, and men’s participation in gender equality policy. The main objective of the study was to gain better knowledge on the role and positioning of men concerning gender equality. A number of themes were emphasized. First, as the situation of men and women in societies is relational, the role of men cannot be understood, if the role of women is neglected. Second, a perspective on men as a heterogeneous social group was chosen in order to gain insights into men’s privileges as well as disadvantages according to class, ethnicity, disability, and other social indicators. This study shows that caring masculinity emerges as a central path forward, and one that is increasingly taken up in practice, together with women’s increasing education and professional role, and rising expectations of gender-balanced task divisions. But there is a need for further research on the complex relationship between caring masculinities and gender-equal roles, including marginalized and unemployed groups and men who turn their frustrations against gender equality and women’s new roles.
PDF
