Noble metal nanoparticles are promising catalysts in electrochemical reactions, while understanding the relationship between the structure and reactivity of the particles is important to achieve ...higher efficiency of electrocatalysis, and promote the development of single‐molecule electrochemistry. Electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) was employed to image the catalytic oxidation of luminophore at single Au, Pt, and Au‐Pt Janus nanoparticles. Compared to the monometal nanoparticles, the Janus particle structure exhibited enhanced ECL intensity and stability, indicating better catalytic efficiency. On the basis of the experimental results and digital simulation, it was concluded that a concentration difference arose at the asymmetric bimetallic interface according to different heterogeneous electron‐transfer rate constants at Au and Pt. The fluid slip around the Janus particle enhanced local redox reactions and protected the particle surface from passivation.
Electrocatalytic oxidation of a luminophore at single Au, Pt, and Au‐Pt Janus nanoparticles was studied using electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) microscopy. Compared to the monometal nanoparticles, the Janus particle structure exhibited enhanced ECL intensity and stability, indicating better catalytic efficiency.
To conduct a meta-analysis assessing the prevalence of vitiligo.
Literatures that reported prevalence rates of vitiligo were identified using EMBASE, PubMed, the Cochrane Library, China National ...Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang database and Weipu database for the period from inception to May 2016. We performed stratified analyses on possible sources of bias, including areas difference, years of publication, gender and age. Publication bias was assessed with Egger's test method.
A total of 103 studies were eligible for inclusion. The pooled prevalence of vitiligo from 82 population- or community-based studies was 0.2% (95%CI: 0.1%-0.2%) and from 22 hospital-based studies was 1.8% (95%CI: 1.4%-2.1%). A relatively high prevalence of vitiligo was found in Africa area and in female patients. For population- or community-based studies, the prevalence has maintained at a low level in recent 20 years and it has increased with age gradually. For hospital-based studies, the prevalence has showed a decreased trend from 60s till now or from young to old. No significant publication bias existed in hospital-based studies (t = 0.47, P = 0.643), while a significant publication bias existed in population- or community-based studies (t = 2.31, P = 0.026).
A relatively high prevalence of vitiligo was found in Africa area and in female patients. The prevalence has maintained at a low level in recent years. It showed an inverse trend with age increment in population- or community-based studies and hospital-based studies.
Quercetin, a typical flavonoid, possesses diverse biochemical and physiological actions, including antiplatelet, estrogenic, and anti-inflammatory properties. This review mainly centers on recent ten ...years findings with respect to intervening diabetes and its complications with the well-known flavonoid quercetin. After a short introduction of quercetin, major in vitro and in vivo findings are summarized showing that quercetin is a promising molecule for the treatment of these diseases. Finally, we contemplate future development and application prospects of quercetin. Despite the wealth of in animal research results suggesting the anti-diabetic and its complications potential of quercetin, its efficacy in diabetic human subjects is yet to be explored. The problem may become an important direction in the future research.
This review centers on a closed bipolar electrode (BPE) array using an electro‐fluorochromism (EFC) or electro‐chemiluminescence (ECL) reaction as the reporting reaction. Electrochemical signals at ...one pole of the closed BPE array can be transduced into the EFC or ECL signals at the opposite pole. Therefore, the current signal of a redox reaction can be easily detected and imaged by monitoring the luminescence signal. Recent developments in closed BPE array‐based EFC and ECL sensing and imaging are summarized and discussed in detail. Finally, we consider the challenges and opportunities for improving the spatial resolution of closed BPE array‐based electrochemical imaging, and emphasize the important application of this technique to the imaging of cellular activities at the single‐cell level.
Powerful sensing and imaging abilities: This review highlights the recent advances in closed bipolar electrode (BPE) arrays using an electro‐fluorochromism (EFC) or electro‐chemiluminescence (ECL) reaction as the reporting reaction to realize sensing and imaging. It demonstrates the advantages of a closed BPE array, such as the physical separation of two poles, the independence of each electrode, and the simplicity and controllability of the system.
As a low dimensional crystal, graphene attracts great attention as heat dissipation material due to its unique thermal transfer property exceeding the limit of bulk graphite. In this contribution, ...flexible graphene–carbon fiber composite paper is fabricated by depositing graphene oxide into the carbon fiber precursor followed by carbonization. In this full‐carbon architecture, scaffold of one‐dimensional carbon fiber is employed as the structural component to reinforce the mechanical strength, while the hierarchically arranged two‐dimensional graphene in the framework provides a convenient pathway for in‐plane acoustic phonon transmission. The as‐obtained hierarchical carbon/carbon composite paper possesses ultra‐high in‐plane thermal conductivity of 977 W m−1 K−1 and favorable tensile strength of 15.3 MPa. The combined mechanical and thermal performances make the material highly desirable as lateral heat spreader for next‐generation commercial portable electronics.
Flexible graphene–carbon fiber composite paper with an ultra‐high thermal diffusivity of 5458 mm2 s−1, a very large thermal conductivity of 977 W m−1 K−1, and a tensile strength of 15.3 MPa is fabricated through facile filtration route, in which the close packed graphene nanosheets provide high thermal conductivity, while carbon fiber acts as the structural scaffold to render excellent mechanical properties.
The prognosis of spinal cord injury (SCI) is closely related to secondary injury, which is dominated by neuroinflammation. There is evidence that α-synuclein aggregates after SCI and that inhibition ...of α-synuclein aggregation can improve the survival of neurons after SCI, but the mechanism is still unclear. This study was designed to investigate the effects of α-synuclein on neuroinflammation after SCI and to determine the underlying mechanisms.
A T3 spinal cord contusion model was established in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. An SNCA-shRNA-carrying lentivirus (LV-SNCA-shRNA) was injected into the injury site to block the expression of α-synuclein (forming the SCI+KD group), and the SCI and sham groups were injected with an empty vector. Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan (BBB) behavioural scores and footprint analysis were used to detect motor function. Inflammatory infiltration and myelin loss were measured in the spinal cord tissues of each group by haematoxylin-eosin (HE) and Luxol Fast Blue (LFB) staining, respectively. Immunohistochemistry, Western blot analysis, and RT-qPCR were used to analyse protein expression and transcription levels in the tissues. Immunofluorescence was used to determine the morphology and function of glial cells and the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in the central canal of the spinal cord. Finally, peripheral serum cytokine levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
Compared with the SCI group, the SCI+KD group exhibited reduced inflammatory infiltration, preserved myelin, and functional recovery. Specifically, the early arrest of α-synuclein inhibited the pro-inflammatory factors IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-2 and increased the expression of the anti-inflammatory factors IL-10, TGF-β, and IL-4. The neuroinflammatory response was regulated by reduced proliferation of Iba1+ microglia/macrophages and promotion of the shift of M1-polarized Iba1+/iNOS+ microglia/macrophages to M2-polarized Iba1+/Arg1+ microglia/macrophages after injury. In addition, compared with the SCI group, the SCI+KD group also exhibited a smaller microglia/astrocyte (Iba1/GFAP) immunostaining area in the central canal, lower MMP-9 expression, and improved cerebrospinal barrier function.
Lentivirus-mediated downregulation of α-synuclein reduces neuroinflammation, improves blood-cerebrospinal barrier function, promotes functional recovery, reduces microglial activation, and promotes the polarization of M1 microglia/macrophages to an M2 phenotype to confer a neuroprotective immune microenvironment in rats with SCI.
A
bstract
We present a detailed phenomenological study of the next-to-next-to-leading order (NNLO) QCD corrections for
t
-channel single top (anti-)quark production and its semi-leptonic decay at the ...CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC). We find the NNLO corrections for the total inclusive rates at the LHC with different center of mass energies are generally smaller than the NLO corrections, indicative of improved convergence. However, they can be large for differential distributions, reaching a level of 10% or more in certain regions of the transverse momentum distributions of the top (anti-)quark and the pseudo-rapidity distributions of the leading jet in the event. In all cases the perturbative hard-scale uncertainties are greatly reduced after the NNLO corrections are included. We also show a comparison of the normalized parton-level distributions to recent data from the 8 TeV measurement of the ATLAS collaboration. The NNLO corrections tend to shift the theoretical predictions closer to the measured transverse momentum distribution of the top (anti)-quark. Importantly, for the LHC at 13 TeV, we present NNLO cross sections in a fiducial volume with decays of the top quark included.
Summary
Vitiligo is one of the most important skin disorders that does not cause much physical impairment, but due to its disfiguring appearance, patients have disturbances in mental health and ...quality of life (QoL). The dermatology life quality index (DLQI), as one of the most specific QoL instruments, is now used widely for patients with vitiligo. The main objective of this review is to collect and present detailed information about issues and disturbances related to the QoL of patients with vitiligo by reviewing the DLQI studies worldwide in the past 20 years. The impact of vitiligo assessed by the DLQI varies according to the clinical and demographic characteristics of patients. In the majority of our reviewed studies, women showed more QoL impairment than men did, as did young patients compared to elderly ones, married women with vitiligo than singles, and patients with involvement on exposed sites than those on unexposed sites. Dark‐skinned people showed more life quality effects than white people did. Dermatologists should pay particular attention to such patients who experience insufficient QoL, as they require more effort to cure their disease.
Macrophages, which serve as a bridge between innate and adaptive immunity, play an important role in sporotrichosis. Sporothrix schenckii infections can produce immune responses such as macrophage ...polarization and inflammatory factor secretion. In the early stages of inflammation, the expression of DAB2 in macrophages is increased, which controls the secretion of inflammatory factors and affects the polarization of macrophages. However, the expressions and mechanisms of DAB2 in sporotrichosis are not clear. In this study, we examined the expression of DAB2 and its regulation of inflammatory factors under conditions of Sporothrix schenckii infection. Our results indicated that the Sporothrix schenckii infection increased the expression of DAB2 and revealed a mixed M1/M2‐like type of gene expression in BMDMs with the inhibited Il‐6, Il1‐β and Arg‐1 and induced Tnf‐α, Il‐10 and Mgl‐1. The deficiency of Dab2 gene suspended the changes of cytokines. In addition, JNK activity in BMDMs was inhibited by Sporothrix schenckii infection, leading to an increase in c‐JUN. We also identified c‐JUN as a transcription factor for Dab2 through chromatin immunoprecipitation and luciferase reporter assays. In an in vivo mouse model, sporotrichosis‐induced skin lesions were accompanied with an upregulation of c‐JUN and inhibition of JNK activity, which were in accord with findings from in vitro experiments. Taken together, these findings indicate that in the early stages of Sporothrix schenckii infection there is a promotion of DAB2 expression through the JNK/c‐JUN pathway, effects that can then control the expression of inflammatory factors.
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