Raman spectroscopy, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) were used to study pigments on an Egyptian cartonnage from the Ptolemaic period ...(305–30 bc). The surface morphology of each color region was examined using backscattering (BS) and secondary electron imaging. SEM X‐ray energy dispersive spectrometry and EPMA wavelength dispersive spectroscopy provided semiquantitative chemical analysis of each pigment. Raman spectroscopy was used to identify the minerals associated with the pigments. This technique confirmed the presence of cinnabar (α‐HgS) in the red part of the fragments. A mixture of orpiment (As2S3) and bonazziite (β‐As4S4) and/or alacránite (As8S9) was detected in the yellow regions of the fragments. The orange pigment was confirmed to be a mixture of orpiment, uzonite (χ‐As4S5), and pararealgar (As4S4). Egyptian blue (CaCuSi4O10) and Egyptian green ((Cu,Ca)SiO3) pigments were detected from blue/green dark‐colored regions of the fragments.
•Surface segregation of the Ni-Cu alloy of the Argentine coins was confirmed.•Ni-enrichment on the surface of the coins, and its removal from the surface was observed.•Chemical sates of the metal ...oxides were identified on the surface of the coins that had been treated with the artificial human sweat.
Relative concentrations of nickel and copper at the surface of the ring and centre parts of 1-peso and 2-pesos Argentine coins have been studied by means of X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS). It has been observed Ni-enrichment at the surface of the ring (silvery) part of a 1-peso, minted in 1994, whereas the XPS data reveals lack of nickel at the surface of the centre (silvery) part of a 2-pesos, minted in 2016. This discrepancy is explained by analyzing the XPS peaks of oxygen and carbon, and is suggested to be related to the contamination layer on the surface of the coins. The XPS analysis of the golden parts of the coins, namely the centre part of the 1-peso and the ring part of the 2-pesos coins were inconclusive, due to the small amount of the Ni (nominally %2) used in those parts. The possible oxidations states of the metals at the surface of the untreated and treated coins with the artificial human sweat were also identified.
Single crystals α-Al2O3 (0001) were exposed to the energetic Ar+-ions for two periods of 4 min with kinetic energy of 2 keV and 4 min of 5 keV at an incident angle of 45°. The samples were studied by ...X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) before and after Ar+-ion beam exposure. The average values of the bandgap energy before and after Ar+-ion beam treatment were measured to be (7.8 ± 0.2) eV and (6.3 ± 0.2) eV, respectively. The dynamic change in the XPS spectra of the valence band (VB) region before and after Ar+-ion beam treatment were explained using the theoretical calculation of the density of state (DOS) and the molecular orbital (MO) theory. This change is attributed to the transformation of α-phase to γ-Al2O3 phase at the surface. The surface morphology of the samples before and after Ar+-ion bombardment was also examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Creation of circular well-shaped nanoholes with diameters in the range of (20–550) nm was observed at the surface after exposure to 2 keV Ar+-ions. Whereas, a series of irregular nanovoids were observed on the surface of the sample which was exposed to 5 keV Ar+-ions.
Single crystals
α
-Al
2
O
3
(0001) were exposed to the energetic Ar
+
-ions for two periods of 4 min with kinetic energy of 2 keV and 4 min of 5 keV at an incident angle of 45°. The samples were ...studied by X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) before and after Ar
+
-ion beam exposure. The average values of the bandgap energy before and after Ar
+
-ion beam treatment were measured to be (7.8 ± 0.2) eV and (6.3 ± 0.2) eV, respectively. The dynamic change in the XPS spectra of the valence band (VB) region before and after Ar
+
-ion beam treatment were explained using the theoretical calculation of the density of state (DOS) and the molecular orbital (MO) theory. This change is attributed to the transformation of
α
-phase to
γ
-Al
2
O
3
phase at the surface. The surface morphology of the samples before and after Ar
+
-ion bombardment was also examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Creation of circular well-shaped nanoholes with diameters in the range of (20–550) nm was observed at the surface after exposure to 2 keV Ar
+
-ions. Whereas, a series of irregular nanovoids were observed on the surface of the sample which was exposed to 5 keV Ar
+
-ions.
A wide range of analytical techniques has been used to study an Egyptian funerary mask of the Ptolemaic period (305‐30 bc). Secondary electron (SE) and back‐scattering (BS) images, recorded by a ...scanning electron microscope (SEM), provided a detailed representation of the metallurgical techniques used to construct the gilded mask. It is confirmed, that the golden leaf used to cover the mask is the product of an antique refinery practice, so called, cementation process of naturally occurring alloy of gold and silver, namely electrum. Complementary results of SEM‐electron dispersion spectroscopy (EDS) and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA)–wavelength dispersion spectroscopy (WDS) provided chemical compositions of the golden leaf as well as in the plaster base of the mask. X‐ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) revealed the presence of Au, Ag, Si, S, Cl, Ca, and N, in addition to O and C. Relative concentration of Au/Ag at the surface has been measured by XPS to be 70% to 30%. XPS depth profiling verified silver‐enrichment at the surface, as ratio of gold to silver is measured to be 80% to 20% at the depth of 15 nm. XPS chemical mapping images of gold and silver confirmed a rather inhomogeneous character of Au/Ag relative concentration at the surface. The main diffraction peaks in the X‐ray diffraction (XRD) spectrum coincide with diffraction peaks of pure gold, silver metals, and magnesium calcite Mg0.03Ca0.97CO3. Whereas, Raman spectroscopy results implied the existence of Ag2S, a tarnishing compound, on the golden area of the mask.
This experiment was conducted to evaluate adaptability different olive (Olea europaea L.) in 6 province of Iran. Kerman shah province with 14 olive cultivars in Dallaho olive research station, ...Khuzestan with 23 cultivars and genotypes in (Safiabad research Station), Gillan with 17 cultivars in (Aliabad Olive orchards), Zanjan with 14 cultivars in Tarom olive research station, Golestan with 11 cultivar in Genareh olive collection and Fars with 11 cultivars in Kazeron olive research station under a complete block design for 5 years (2004 - 2009). The main Characteristics of vegetative and reproductive were measured on all of cultivars. The data were analyzed with SAS and SPSS and means were compared with Duncan's multiple test. Vegetative and reproductive characteristics had significant differences among cultivars in Dallaho. The characters of inflorescence emergences, Flower numbers per inflorescence, Perfect flower, and fruit set oil percent in fresh matter and flesh to stone ratio were different between cultivars based on years. Result show that fruit weight and flesh to stone ratio, the cultivars of Amygdaloidal, Conservolia and Abou satal were higher and Koroneiki and Arbequina had lower than the others. Oil percent was low in most of the cultivars based on dominant weather condition exception to Amygdaloidal, Roghani and Amphisis Oil percent in mentioned cultivars was 21.3, 18.3, 16.7 based on fresh weight. Fruit yield and fruiting stability was higher for Conservolia and Sevillana. In Gillan province the results showed that Arbequina, Koroneiki, Sevillana, Manzanilla with best yield efficiency are in the first group. The result of oil percentage in fresh weight showed that Roghani, Amphisis and Leccino with high .oil percentage are in a group and Sevillana had low oil percentage The results of fruit set in SP treatment showed that Koroneiki and Roghani varieties with mean of 4.09% and 3.41% respectively were maximum in Genareh in 2005. Also in OP treatment Koroneiki and Leccino with mean of 4.29% and 3.88% respectively had maximum percent of fruit-set .The results of complex analysis about oil percent in dry weight have been showed that the treatment and treatment year factor were differently significant in 1% levels and Manzanilla with 52.34% have maximum and Sevillana with 34.79% have minimum oil percent in their dry weight. Study of flowering of these cultivars in Khouzestan showed that genotype X-S and Doebli had 20% (lowest) and 100% (highest) of perfect flowers respectively. Results of quantitative traits analysis showed that cultivar had a significant effect on all studied traits for years (2007-08). Results of combined analysis also showed that the effect of year on fruit yield & oil yield/tree was significant (P≤0.05). Considering the yield & size of trees indicated that highest fruit yield was achieved in Conservolia, Abu-Satal and Koroneiki. The genotype of X-S had the highest and Valanolia had the lowest oil content/fresh weight (18.4 & 3.2% respectively). I Tarom the Phenological evaluation of cultivars showed that the two indigenous varieties of "Roghany" and "Zard" cultivars with "Manzanilla" from beginning stages of plant growth to the second stage of fruit enlargement in comparison with other cultivars 2 to 7 days their activities were delayed. Clustering cultivars based on susceptible to cold showed that "Konservalia", "Zard", "Picual" and "Mari" were tolerant to cold, but "Koroneiki", "Mastoids", "Balady" and "Leccino" were susceptible to cold. Clustering evaluated cultivars based on oleic fatty acid percent showed that "Roghani" and "Arbequina" cultivars had fewer than 60 percent acid oleic. "Mari", "Picual", "Mastoids", "Mission" and "Koroneiki" had more than 75 oleic acid percent. Oleic acid percent of "Abou satl", "Zard", "Leccino", "Manzanilla" and "Amygdalolia" varieties came to between 60 to 75 percent.During the five-year evaluations "Konservolia" had the most performance in hectares (4,265 kg). In this evaluation "Koroneiki", "Zard" and "Arbequina" cultivars were after "Konservalia" in second steps. "Arbequina", "Baladi", "Konservalia"," Mari" and "Mastoids" successes the the highest percentage of oil in dry matter respectively. Two cultivars of "Roghani" and "Koroneiki" also had high oil in dry matter. In this assessment "Konservalia" and "Zard" as dual purpose cultivars, "Koroneiki" and "Arbequina" for oily production as promising cultivars were introduced for Tarom region.I region of Kazeron the cultivar of Conservolia had the best yield related to other cultivars. Amygdalolia and Conservolia had significant difference in yield efficiency between cultivars. The maximum oil in dry matter significantly was higher than the other cultivars. The shrinking and shut berry wasn't seen in cultivars. The cultivar Conservolia was relatively resistance to cold and Roghani was sensitive.
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