The current research outlines the synthesis of benzyl 4- (4-chlorophenylamino) -1-(4-chlorophenyl) -2,6-bis(4-chlorophenyl) -1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine -3-carboxylate. The title compound was ...crystallized in the monoclinic space group P21/n with Z = 4 and unit cell parameters a = 13.6684 Å (8), b = 9.1256 Å (4), c = 14.0839 Å (8), = 111.168 (7)°, and V = 1638.18 (17)°. The six-membered non-planar ring is shaped like a boat. Intermolecular C–H···Cl hydrogen bonds connect molecules in a three-dimensional crystal framework. The most significant contributions to crystal packing, according to the Hirshfeld surface investigation of the crystal structure, are from H ··· H (35.3%), H... Cl/Cl... H (27.0%), and H ··· C/C ··· H (21.8%). As a result, van der Waals interactions take precedence in crystal packing. In-vitro studies suggested this compound has better IC50 value of 0.588 ± 0.09 µM against MAO-A. In silico investigations, such as molecular docking, demonstrated that this molecule possessed exceptionally high Monoamine Oxidase A and Monoamine Oxidase B activity, with a binding energy value of -32.504 kJ/mol. Furthermore, Density functional theory (DFT) analyses supported these findings and suggested derivative 4 as a potential 'lead' molecule in pharmaceutical discovery and development.
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This paper presents a compact, uni-planer wide band Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output (MIMO) antenna. The designed antenna array has a compact size of (26mm x 31mm) covering a wide frequency band from ...3.1GHz - 11GHz. A partial ground plane shared by two radiating patches is used. A ground stub and a single column Electromagnetic Bandgap (EBG) structure in between the two radiating patches results in very low mutual coupling in the designed antenna. The proposed MIMO-antenna was evaluated through different performance metric indicators like channel capacity loss, far-field radiation pattern, S-parameters, envelope correlation coefficient, peak gain, diversity-gain and radiation efficiency. Our designed MIMO antenna has a very high isolation amongst the MIMO antennas (S21 < -25dB), a high Diversity-Gain (DG > 9.995 dB), a very low Envelope Co-relation Coefficient of (ECC < 0.001) and low Channel-Capacity-Loss (CCL < 0.1bits/s/Hz). The said antenna has an average radiation efficiency of 85.5% and a peak gain of (5.67dB) within the ultra-wideband (UWB) spectrum. A 0.8mm thick FR-4 substrate is used to fabricate the MIMO-antenna and tested in an anechoic chamber. The measured results closely match with the simulated results.
In distributed power generation systems, grid-connected inverters are becoming an attractive means of delivering the energy generated from renewable sources into the grid. However, the performance of ...the current controller drastically decreases in the presence of model uncertainty, grid harmonics, filter parametric, and grid impedance variations, which can jeopardize the entire system’s stability. This paper presents a novel design of a super-twisting integral sliding mode control (ST-ISMC) strategy for the first time in the application of a three-phase voltage source grid-connected inverter. The designed controller has shown robustness and maintains a low total harmonic distortion (THD) in the presence of filter parameters drift, grid impedance variation, and grid harmonics distortion. The super-twisting action is added to remove the chattering problem associated with the conventional SMC strategy, and integral action is adopted to improve the grid’s current steady-state error. The modeling and simulation of a complete system are carried out using MATLAB/SIMULINK. Finally, a real-world hardware prototype system is fabricated to demonstrate the performance and effectiveness of the proposed controller.
We propose a novel all-optical technique for the transmission of multiple channels over a single optical carrier by employing pulse position modulation (PPM). The proposed technique partly solves the ...issue of low spectral efficiency associated with the PPM transmission scheme. Furthermore, our proposed technique also improves the security of the FSO link against eavesdroppers, especially if they are located close to the receiver and are able to detect some part of the wide beamwidth optical signal. We have employed the Gamma–Gamma channel model to observe the performance of the FSO link for different lengths.
ObjectiveHemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a life-threatening condition especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). This study was done to evaluate the outcome and prognostic ...factors of HLH in patients presenting to our center.MethodsThe study was carried out at the Paediatric Oncology Department of Combined Military Hospital (CMH) in Rawalpindi, Pakistan. All cases of HLH, from one month to 15 years of age enrolled between January 1, 2013 to June 30, 2023, were included. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, version 25.0 (released 2017, IBM Corp., Armonk, NY) was used for statistical analysis, and t-test and chi-square tests were used for comparison between continuous and categorical variables. Frequencies and percentages were calculated for categorical variables.ResultsOut of 115 patients, seven (6%) abandoned the treatment. The data of 108 cases, including 58 males (53.7%), were analyzed. The mean age at diagnosis was 31.5 ± 39.03 months. The mean time to reach a pediatric oncologist was 30.20 ± 22.15 days. Fever and pallor were common symptoms occurring in 107 (99.1%) and 98 (90.7%) cases, respectively. Jaundice was present in 44 (40.7%), visceromegaly in 64 (59.3%), and bruising/bleeding in 16 cases (14.8%). Twenty-six (24.1%) patients underwent hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT), out of which 17 (65.4%) children were cured. Overall survival at two years, five years, and 10 years was 38%, 37%, and 36.1%, respectively. Disease-free survival at two years, five years, and 10 years was 33.3%, 32.4%, and 31.5%, respectively.ConclusionHLH leads to high mortality due to delayed or misdiagnosis in LMICs. Early diagnosis and early referral to a pediatric oncologist is the detrimental factor in survival for HLH. HSCT is the treatment of choice for primary, refractory, or relapse cases.
We live in a world surrounded by ubiquitous devices that capture data related to our daily activities. Being able to infer this data not only helps to recognise activities of daily life but can also ...allow the possibility to recognise any behavioural changes of the person being observed. This paper presents a performance comparison of a series of machine learning classification techniques for activity recognition. An existing hierarchal activity recognition framework has been adapted in order to assess the performance of five machine learning classification techniques. We performed extensive experiments and found that classification approaches significantly outperform traditional activity recognition approaches. The motivation of the work is to enable independent living among the elderly community, namely patients suffering from Alzheimer’s disease.
High-speed machining is considered to be a promising machining technique due to its advantages, such as high productivity and better product quality. With a paradigm shift towards sustainable ...machining practices, the energy consumption analysis of high-speed machining is also gaining ever-increasing importance. The current article addresses this issue and presents a detailed analysis of specific cutting energy (SCE) consumption and product surface finish (Ra) during conventional to high-speed machining of Al 6061-T6. A Taguchi-based L16 orthogonal array experimental design was developed for the conventional to high-speed machining range of an Al 6061-T6 alloy. The analysis of the results revealed that SCE consumption and Ra improve when the cutting speed is increased from conventional to high-speed machining. In particular, SCE was observed to reduce linearly in conventional and transitional speed machining, whereas it followed a parabolic trend in high-speed machining. This parabolic trend indicates the existence of an optimal cutting speed that may lead to minimum SCE consumption. Chip morphology was performed to further investigate the parabolic trend of SCE in high-speed machining. Chip morphology revealed that the serration of chips initiates when the cutting speed is increased beyond 1750 m/min at a feed rate of 0.4 mm/rev.
Objective: To describe the prognostic variables and course of paediatric acute promyelocytic leukaemia (APL) in Pakistan. Study Design: Cohort study. Place and Duration of the Study: Department of ...Paediatric Oncology, Combined Military Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan, from January 2012 to December 2022. Methodology: Patients aged 1-15 years, clinically confirmed APL with promyelocytic leukaemia- retinoic acid receptor alpha (PMLRARA) were enrolled. Initial admission included a thorough examination, recording demographic and clinical data, reporting time, prior treatment, and socioeconomic status. Statistical analysis used SPSS 25.0, with significance at p <0.05. Results: This study included 50 cases of APL. Out of which, 32 (64%) were males and 18 (34%) were females. The mean age at diagnosis was 7.02 + or - 3.86 years. Pallor (96%) and fever (88%) were common presentations. The average white blood cell count was 28.70 + or - 35.39 x109/L. Treatment protocols include 48% International Consortium for Childhood (ICC)-APL, and 52% arsenic trioxide (ATO). High-risk cases were 54%. Neutropenic fever and differentiation syndrome were common induction complications. Delays over one month increased induction deaths (6.7 to 35%, p = 0.011), reducing disease-free survival (DFS), (76.7 to 35%, p = 0.001), and overall survival (OS), (80 to 45%, p = 0.007). After 40.90 + or - 45.19 months' follow-up, 10-year OS and DFS were 66.0% and 60.0%, respectively. The best OS and DFS, at 80%, were observed in standard-risk cases treated with ATO. Conclusion: Neutropenic fever and bleeding were the primary causes of mortality in paediatric APL induction. Treatment delay was a key prognostic factor. ATO-based therapy offered safer, improved DFS, and OS suitable for primary healthcare settings. Key Words: Acute promyelocytic leukaemia, Chemotherapy, Neutropenic fever.
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Genetic diversity, population structure, LD decay, and selective sweeps in 687 wheat accessions were analyzed, providing relevant guidelines to facilitate the use of the germplasm in ...wheat breeding.
Common wheat (
Triticum aestivum
L.) is one of the most widely grown crops in the world. Landraces were subjected to strong human-mediated selection in developing high-yielding, good quality, and widely adapted cultivars. To investigate the genome-wide patterns of allelic variation, population structure and patterns of selective sweeps during modern wheat breeding, we tested 687 wheat accessions, including landraces (148) and cultivars (539) mainly from China and Pakistan in a wheat 90 K single nucleotide polymorphism array. Population structure analysis revealed that cultivars and landraces from China and Pakistan comprised three relatively independent genetic clusters. Cultivars displayed lower nucleotide diversity and a wider average LD decay across whole genome, indicating allelic erosion and a diversity bottleneck due to the modern breeding. Analysis of genetic differentiation between landraces and cultivars from China and Pakistan identified allelic variants subjected to selection during modern breeding. In total, 477 unique genome regions showed signatures of selection, where 109 were identified in both China and Pakistan germplasm. The majority of genomic regions were located in the B genome (225), followed by the A genome (175), and only 77 regions were located in the D genome. EigenGWAS was further used to identify key selection loci in modern wheat cultivars from China and Pakistan by comparing with global winter wheat and spring wheat diversity panels, respectively. A few known functional genes or loci found within these genome regions corresponded to known phenotypes for disease resistance, vernalization, quality, adaptability and yield-related traits. This study uncovered molecular footprints of modern wheat breeding and explained the genetic basis of polygenic adaptation in wheat. The results will be useful for understanding targets of modern wheat breeding, and in devising future breeding strategies to target beneficial alleles currently not pursued.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency of proptosis and associations of proptosis with demographic, clinical and hematological characteristics with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in children. METHODS: ...This descriptive study was conducted at Combined Military Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan from January 2018 to July 2020. Patients of AML between 1-12 years of age who presented with and without orbital granulocytic sarcomas (OGS), selected by non-probability convenience sampling technique were evaluated for proptosis. Patients were classified into different subtypes of AML according to French-American-British (FAB) classification. Cytogenetic studies by karyotyping were done to identify different genetic abnormalities associated with AML. Kaplan- Meier survival analysis was used to analyze the overall survival of AML patients. RESULTS: Out of 230 patients diagnosed with AML, 34 (14.78%) patients presented with proptosis. Mean age of presentation was 6.80±3.69 years, with male-female ratio of 2.1:1. Proptosis was unilateral in 19 (55%) and bilateral in 15 (45%) patients. Ten (29.40 %) patients presented primarily with proptosis while 24 (71%) patients presented with proptosis and systemic features of leukemia. Overall AML-M2 was found in 102 (44.3%) cases and other types were observed in 128 (55.6%) cases. Most common FAB AML subtype associated with proptosis was AML-M2 (n=26; 76%). Median duration of survival in AML patients with OGS was 867 days and as compared to 353 days in AML patients without OGS. CONCLUSION: Proptosis is a frequent finding in children with AML. AML-M2 is associated with proptosis in children with AML. Survival in patients with OGS was better than patients without OGS.
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