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•A sensor is based on a modified GCE with a nanocomposite of B-RGO and Eβ-CD.•The sensor shows sensitive and selective behavior for Flunitrazepam.•Two linear ranges of 2 nM to 0.5 μM ...and 0.5 μM to 20 μM were achieved by the sensor.•Limit of detection (LOD) was estimated to be 0.6 nM.•The sensitivity value was calculated to be 8.4 μA µM cm−2.•A clever composition of this materials makes active sites for detection target.
Flunitrazepam, or the same “Rohypnol” amongst other names, is a very powerful benzodiazepine that is prescribed to cure intense insomnia. Electropolymerized β-cyclodextrin (Eβ-CD) and Boron-doped reduced graphene oxide (B-RGO) were used to prepare a composite material which was used for modifying glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The resulting modified GCE was then used for the determination of traces of Flunitrazepam. Using various analytical techniques the surface of the modified GCE was investigation. The modified GCE was used in differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) analyses. Experimental factors affecting the results were evaluated and optimized. Two linears range for Flunitrazepam determination were from 2.0 nmol L−1 to 0.5 μmol L−1 and 0.5 μmol L−1 to 20.0 μmol L−1. The detection limit (DL) and sensitivity were calculated to be of 0.6 nmol L−1 and 8.4 μA µmol L−1 cm−2, respectively for the modified electrode. The modified electrode by nanocomposite consist of B-RGO and Eβ-CD demonstrated a number of advantages: a simple preparation route, high selectivity and sensitivity, a low detection limit, excellent reproducibility and high surface-to-volume ratio. The sensor was applied for the analysis of Flunitrazepam concentration in human blood serum samples.
Poa pratensis
L. is a commonly used cool-season turfgrass and endemic to Iran. This research was carried out to examine the genetic diversity of this plant within and between ecoregions of Iran and ...the impact of climatic variables and elevation on the distribution of its genotypes, as well as habitat suitability modeling. We used fifty accessions collected from six ecoregions (West, South, North, North-West and North-East) for genetic diversity assessment using 20 ISSR marker primers. The prospective ecoregions for Kentucky bluegrass production were projected using habitat suitability modeling, which took into account important environmental parameters, such as annual mean temperature, annual mean rainfall, and elevation. According to the UPMGA dendrogram, the accessions were divided into two major types and four subclasses. The genetic distance between the North and North-east accessions, as well as the Center accessions, was greater than that of the other genotypes. Center accessions had the greatest levels of polymorphism, effective number of alleles, Shannon index, and Nei’s genetic diversity. The FR method was used to create the habitat suitability map based on environmental factors. Rainfall had the largest influence on the genotype distribution of
P. pratensis
L. The findings of this study can be used as raw materials in future breeding programs to improve and generate new cultivars with superior characteristics. It can also assist programs in identifying rare cultivars as well as preserving and developing native
P. pratensis
L. genotypes.
Poa pratensis
L. is a perennial turfgrass with high regeneration and fertility, resistance to cold and drought, and quick colonization. By facultative apomixis, this plant can create a wide range of ...ploidy levels (2
n
= 22 to 2
n
= 154), resulting in a wide range of chromosomal numbers and sexual and apomictic reproductive diversity. The plant materials included fifty accessions from Iran’s Center, South, North, North-East, North-West, and West ecoregions. UPOV standards were used to measure the qualities that were researched. The squash technique of chromosome counting revealed that Iranian Kentucky bluegrass accessions had chromosomal counts ranging from 24 to 87. The relative sizes of the 2C genomes were measured using laser flow cytometry. The range of DNA content was fairly wide, ranging from 4.92 to 11.52 pg. DNA content has a strong positive correlation with elevation, a moderately positive correlation with flag leaf length and leaf sheath width, and a negative correlation with inflorescence anthocyanin color and leaf anthocyanin color. The genotypes and ecological zones of this plant in Iran were distinguished based on morphological diversity and DNA content. The results from this study could be useful in identifying and studying wild Kentucky bluegrass genotypes. It aids in predicting the location of rare genotypes used as breeding materials. It can also increase the plant’s variability for future generations by introducing new ecotypes, with particular genomic and morphological traits, to previously cultivated populations. We expect that the findings of this study will aid in understanding the evolution of this plant in the context of Iran’s climatic variety.
To achieve green chemistry goals and also to reduce the cost of catalysts as well as to avoid producing toxic wastes and show the importance of separation and recycling of catalysts from the reaction ...medium, in this work, we describe the preparation and characterization of magnetic acidic boehmite nanoparticles as a heterogeneous catalyst, which is called Fe3O4@BNPs@SiO2–SO3H. This catalyst works efficiently in the selective oxidation of sulfides to sulfoxides or sulfones in the presence of H2O2 as a green oxidant. It can easily be separated from the reaction medium by using an external magnet and it was recycled 6 times without loss of magnetic catalytic properties.
•DHEA is endogenous metabolite of fish ω-3 fatty acid DHA.•DHA and DHEA have similar chemical structure to the endogenous cannabinoids.•DHA and DHEA decreased seizure susceptibility of mice by ...activating CB1 receptors.•DHEA showed more potency than its parent lipid DHA.
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) are the most recognized omega-3 unsaturated fatty acids showing neuroprotective activity in animal and clinical studies. Docosahexaenoyl ethanolamide (DHEA) and eicosapentaenoyl ethanolamide (EPEA) are non-oxygenated endogenous metabolites of DHA and EPA, which might be in charge of the anti-seizure activity of the parent molecules. We examined the effect of these metabolites on the threshold of clonic seizures induced by pentylenetetrazole (PTZ). DHEA and EPEA possess similar chemical structure to the endogenous cannabinoids. Therefore, involvement of cannabinoid (CB) receptors in the anti-seizure effect of these metabolites was also investigated. DHA, DHEA, EPEA, AM251 (CB1 receptor antagonist), and AM630 (CB2 receptor antagonist) were administered to mice by intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) route. Threshold of clonic seizures was determined 10 and/or 15 min thereafter by intravenous infusion of PTZ. The effect of DHA and DHEA on seizure threshold was then determined in mice, which were pretreated with AM251 and/or AM630. DHA (300μM), and DHEA (100 and 300 μM) significantly increased seizure threshold, 15 (p < 0.05) and 10 min (p < 0.01) after administration, respectively. DHEA was more potent than its parent lipid, DHA in decreasing seizure susceptibility. EPEA (300 and 1000 μM) did not change seizure threshold. AM251 fully prevented the increasing effect of DHA and DHEA on seizure threshold (p < 0.05). AM630 did not inhibit the effect of DHA and DHEA on seizure threshold. This is the first report indicating that DHEA but not EPEA, possesses anti-seizure action via activating CB1 receptors. DHEA is more potent than its parent ω-3 fatty acid DHA in diminishing seizure susceptibility.
Caucasian alder (Alnus subcordata) is among the major constituents of the Hyrcanian forests extending all along the southern coast of the Caspian Sea in northern Iran. An angular leaf spot with a ...yellowish chlorotic halo has attained a widespread occurrence throughout the forest and suburban areas of the northern provinces including Guilan, Mazandaran and Golestan. Strains of a Xanthomonas sp. were consistently isolated from the symptomatic leaves of A. subcordata. Colonies of the isolates were yellow circular, convex and mucoid on nutrient agar containing glucose or sucrose. In multilocus sequence analysis using the genes gyrB, rpoD, dnaK, gltA, fyuA and gapA, the representative isolates occupied a clade shared by the known pathovars of Xanthomonas arboricola. The isolates were relatively heterogeneous phenotypically, but more so in their rep‐PCR fingerprints. Pathogenicity of several isolates was confirmed on seedlings of A. subcordata and Alnus rhombifolia, whereas Alnus cordata, Alnus glutinosa and Alnus crispa appeared not to be susceptible. Based on these characteristics, the isolates causing angular leaf spots of Caucasian alder appear to represent a novel pathovar of X. arboricola.
In winter oilseed rape shoot elongation before winter is considered as a critical component of the complex trait winter hardiness. Genotypes with an enhanced shoot length before winter are very much ...prone to frost damage. However, it is not known to which extent shoot elongation before winter is related to vernalization requirement. Shoot length measured 3 months after sowing of winter oilseed rape in spring has been shown to be a good quantitative estimator for vernalization requirement. The main objective of this study was to analyze inheritance of shoot elongation before winter and in spring-sown field experiments using a doubled haploid population derived from the cross between two inbred lines. A SNP based molecular marker map was used to map QTL for shoot length and flowering time. Significant genotypic effects were detected for shoot length before winter and in the spring-sown environment, but there was no correlation between both traits. Six QTL for shoot length before winter contributed 49.2% to the phenotypic variance. For shoot length in the spring-sown environment three QTL were detected that explained 68% of the phenotypic variance. Flowering time genes CONSTANS (BnaC09g41980D), FLC (BnaC09g42060D) and FT (BnaA02g12130D) were identified within C09 and A02 QTL confidence intervals. No collocation of QTL for shoot length before winter and for shoot length in the spring-sown environment was found. Results show that selection for reduced shoot length before winter would be effective and that this trait is inherited largely independent of vernalization requirement.
Despite of the recent progresses in reliable and high bandwidth communication, packet loss is still probable and needs special attention in real-time video streaming applications. Congestion and bit ...error rate, which sometimes are more than the protection capability of the channel codes, are the sources of packet loss in video communication. One common approach to deal with video packet loss is to use error concealment techniques, which estimate the non-received data as close as possible to the actual data. This article reviews the temporal video error concealment methods that have been developed over the past 30 years. The techniques are categorized into 8 groups, and the methods are covered with enough details. The strengths and weaknesses of the 8 groups are also tabulated, and some suggestions for future work and open areas for research are provided.
Giardia duodenalis is an important intestinal parasite responsible for diarrhea in humans and animals worldwide. Up to now, G. duodenalis infections in cattle have been reported in many studies ...around the world. Hence, the aim of the present study is to report on the distribution of G. duodenalis in cattle at global scale and to evaluate the global prevalence, risk factors and genetic characterization of G. duodenalis infection among cattle worldwide. International databases were systematically searched to identify relevant studies. A random-effects meta-analysis model was used to estimate the overall and the subgroup-pooled prevalence of G. duodenalis across studies, and the variance between studies (heterogeneity) was quantified by I2 index. One hundred and fifty-eight articles (including 195 datasets), from 48 countries met eligibility criteria for analysis. Considering detection methods, the pooled prevalence was estimated to be 24% (95% confidence interval (CI), 19–30%) using copro-antigen techniques, 22% (95% CI, 17–28%) using molecular, and 16% (95% CI, 12–20%) using microscopic detection. Molecular methods showed that the highest number of reports were associated with assemblage E (45/46; 97.83% studies), assemblage A (33/46; 71.74% studies) and assemblage A+E (10/46; 21.74% studies). The pooled prevalence different of subgroups (WHO regions, countries, and type of cattle) were analyzed separately. Moreover, a significant association was observed between G. duodenalis infection with cattle suffering from diarrhea (odds ratio (OR), 2.61; 95% CI, 1.50–4.55) and pre-weaned calves (OR, 1.79; 95% CI, 1.08–2.95). These results suggest that the corresponding control scheme and effective management measures should be formulated to reduce the transmission of G. duodenalis infection according to the difference of geographical conditions in different areas.
Impatiens walleriana
(Hook.) (2n = 2x = 16) is a popular flowering species in the Balsaminaceae family. In order to investigate the effects of polyploidy induction in this species, shoot tip explants ...measuring 1.5 cm in length were treated with 0, 15, 30, and 60 μM oryzalin for 6, 12, 24, and 48 h in vitro. After conducting the flow cytometric analysis of the plantlets, it was revealed that 68.75% of the explants treated with 60 μM oryzalin for 24 h became tetraploid (2n = 4x = 32), indicating that this treatment is the most effective for tetraploidy induction. The tetraploid plants exhibited increased leaf area, leaf thickness, ovary width, pollen cell length, and stomatal size, as well as a greater number of chloroplasts within stomatal guard cells. Furthermore, tetraploid plants showed decreases in plant height, stomatal guard cell density, and number of flowers. Epidermal conical cells were enlarged by about 1.7 times in tetraploid flowers. Optical examination of petals revealed that reflection of light from the tetraploid petals was reduced among almost all spectra. Reflection was reduced in the spectral region between 350 and 400 nm, which may have occurred as a result of changes in size of the epidermal conical cells. Furthermore, the petals in the tetraploid flowers had more total anthocyanin content. The latter two observations may explain the deepening of color in tetraploid petals. The new features observed in tetraploid flowers may be useful for generating new traits in classical breeding programs. It is also possible that these changes may be caused by alterations in gene expression and protein activity and can thus be examined to identify the genetic factors associated with flowering time and flower morphology in tetraploid
I. walleriana
. Further investigations are needed to study the interactions between tetraploid
I. walleriana
and pollinators. The latter can be important for understanding the evolutionary relationship between pollinators and the polyploidy process in this plants.
Key message
Treating
I. walleriana
with oryzalin can produce tetraploid plants. Compared to their diploid counterparts, the tetraploid plants have significant differences in their vegetative and reproductive characteristics. Changes in the form and color of the flowers can be attributed to the changes in the size of the conical cells on the surface of the epidermis, along with the increase in the total anthocyanin content in petals.
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