Changes in tropical wetland, ruminant or rice emissions are thought to have played a role in recent variations in atmospheric methane (CH
) concentrations. India has the world's largest ruminant ...population and produces ~ 20% of the world's rice. Therefore, changes in these sources could have significant implications for global warming. Here, we infer India's CH
emissions for the period 2010-2015 using a combination of satellite, surface and aircraft data. We apply a high-resolution atmospheric transport model to simulate data from these platforms to infer fluxes at sub-national scales and to quantify changes in rice emissions. We find that average emissions over this period are 22.0 (19.6-24.3) Tg yr
, which is consistent with the emissions reported by India to the United Framework Convention on Climate Change. Annual emissions have not changed significantly (0.2 ± 0.7 Tg yr
) between 2010 and 2015, suggesting that major CH
sources did not change appreciably. These findings are in contrast to another major economy, China, which has shown significant growth in recent years due to increasing fossil fuel emissions. However, the trend in a global emission inventory has been overestimated for China due to incorrect rate of fossil fuel growth. Here, we find growth has been overestimated in India but likely due to ruminant and waste sectors.India's methane emissions have been quantified using atmospheric measurements to provide an independent comparison with reported emissions. Here Ganesan et al. find that derived methane emissions are consistent with India's reports and no significant trend has been observed between 2010-2015.
Preeclampsia and decompensated chronic liver disease are known triggers of acute hepatic dysfunction in pregnancy, rarely including hepatic encephalopathy. Differentiating the driver of acute hepatic ...dysfunction in patients with concomitant preeclampsia and preexisting liver disease presents a diagnostic challenge with important management implications.
A 42-year-old woman, gravida 3 para 0201, at 24 1/7 weeks of gestation presented with hepatic encephalopathy, transaminitis, and hyperbilirubinemia in the setting of cirrhosis and severe new-onset preeclampsia. The preeclampsia was thought to be the leading etiology of hepatic encephalopathy, prompting emergent Cesarean delivery at 24 2/7 weeks. Hepatic encephalopathy, blood pressure, and laboratory derangements improved promptly post-delivery.
Preeclampsia can trigger acute hepatic dysfunction, including hepatic encephalopathy, in the setting of previously compensated preexisting liver disease. Recognizing this association has important implications for management and treatment.
•Causes of acute hepatic dysfunction in gravidae with chronic liver disease include decompensated liver disease and preeclampsia-associated liver dysfunction.•Differentiating the driver of acute hepatic dysfunction requires systematically evaluating the patient and distinguishing features favoring preeclampsia-related liver dysfunction versus decompensation of chronic liver disease.•In this scenario, elucidating the etiology is important for management.•Management options include urgent delivery for preeclampsia-related liver dysfunction versus supportive care and expectant management for true hepatic decompensation.
•Psychiatric disorders are common in pregnant individuals with opioid use disorder.•A third of the sample remained on buprenorphine for a full year postpartum.•Treatment for a psychiatric comorbidity ...was protective against BUP discontinuation.
Opioid use disorder (OUD) is a growing crisis among pregnant and postpartum people. Psychiatric comorbidities are common, yet how they impact OUD treatment outcomes is not well characterized. The aim of this study was to assess the association of psychiatric comorbidities and receipt of psychiatric treatment with buprenorphine continuation through one year postpartum among a sample of people with OUD.
A subsample was identified from a larger retrospective cohort of patients receiving buprenorphine for OUD at the time of delivery from an academic medical center between 2017 and 2020. Medical record abstractions were conducted during pregnancy through one year postpartum. Independent variables included any psychiatric diagnosis and postpartum receipt of psychiatric treatment (medication or behavioral health). The primary outcome was week of buprenorphine discontinuation. Cox Proportional Hazard models were used.
Of 138 patients, 71.8% had a psychiatric condition and 35.5% continued buprenorphine for a full year postpartum. Postpartum buprenorphine continuation was associated with (a) Psychiatric co-morbidity (buprenorphine discontinuation HR 0.49; 95% CI 0.29, 0.82), (b) Receipt of psychiatric medications in weeks 39–52 postpartum (buprenorphine discontinuation HR 0.21; 95% CI 0.06, 0.83), and (c) Receipt of behavioral health therapy in weeks 9–38 postpartum (buprenorphine discontinuation HR 0.40; 95% CI 0.18, 0.90).
Our work suggests a dynamic relationship between OUD treatment outcomes, psychiatric comorbidities and receipt of psychiatric treatments through the highly vulnerable postpartum period. Clinicians and researchers alike should work to advance patient-centered engagement in integrated care models tailored for this unique population.
► Natural models for the continuous relaxation spectrum are established. ► A link is made between linear viscoelasticity and continuous wavelet analysis. ► Dictionaries for representing storage and ...loss module are proposed. ► Spectra are recovered using sparse approximation and basis pursuit. ► Total curvature and super-resolution are considered in the regularization process.
The purpose of this paper is to show how continuous wavelet analysis can be used to establish natural models for the continuous relaxation spectrum of a polymeric material. A method of wavelet regularization is proposed for the practical recovery of the continuous spectrum over a limited range of relaxation times. Working with logarithmic variables (log–frequency and log–time), it may be seen that the loss modulus is a scaling function transform of the continuous relaxation spectrum. It is shown how the decomposition formula of Calderón and Mallat may be used to reconstruct the spectrum from measurements of storage and loss moduli. At practical levels of resolution, the spectrum may be represented as a finite sum of hyperbolic scaling functions. There are two principal regularization mechanisms, namely, sparsity (the number of terms in the sum), and scale (which controls both resolution and smoothness). The method of wavelet regularization is illustrated by recovering spectra from both synthetic and real data.
We report the discovery of WTS-2 b, an unusually close-in 1.02-d hot Jupiter (M
P
= 1.12M
J, R
P
= 1.30R
J) orbiting a K2V star, which has a possible gravitationally bound M-dwarf companion at 0.6 ...arcsec separation contributing ∼20 per cent of the total flux in the observed J-band light curve. The planet is only 1.5 times the separation from its host star at which it would be destroyed by Roche lobe overflow, and has a predicted remaining lifetime of just ∼40 Myr, assuming a tidal dissipation quality factor of
.
is a key factor in determining how frictional processes within a host star affect the orbital evolution of its companion giant planets, but it is currently poorly constrained by observations. We calculate that the orbital decay of WTS-2 b would correspond to a shift in its transit arrival time of T
shift ∼ 17 s after 15 yr assuming
. A shift less than this would place a direct observational constraint on the lower limit of
in this system. We also report a correction to the previously published expected T
shift for WASP-18 b, finding that T
shift = 356 s after 10 yr for
, which is much larger than the estimated 28 s quoted in WASP-18 b discovery paper. We attempted to constrain
via a study of the entire population of known transiting hot Jupiters, but our results were inconclusive, requiring a more detailed treatment of transit survey sensitivities at long periods. We conclude that the most informative and straightforward constraints on
will be obtained by direct observational measurements of the shift in transit arrival times in individual hot Jupiter systems. We show that this is achievable across the mass spectrum of exoplanet host stars within a decade, and will directly probe the effects of stellar interior structure on tidal dissipation.
Abstract
We report on the discovery of four ultra-short-period (P ≤ 0.18 d) eclipsing M-dwarf binaries in the Wide-Field Camera (WFCAM) Transit Survey. Their orbital periods are significantly shorter ...than that of any other known main-sequence binary system, and are all significantly below the sharp period cut-off at P ∼ 0.22 d as seen in binaries of earlier-type stars. The shortest-period binary consists of two M4-type stars in a P = 0.112 d orbit. The binaries are discovered as part of an extensive search for short-period eclipsing systems in over 260 000 stellar light curves, including over 10 000 M-dwarfs down to J = 18 mag, yielding 25 binaries with P ≤ 0.23 d. In a popular paradigm, the evolution of short-period binaries of cool main-sequence stars is driven by the loss of angular momentum through magnetized winds. In this scheme, the observed P ∼ 0.22 d period cut-off is explained as being due to time-scales that are too long for lower-mass binaries to decay into tighter orbits. Our discovery of low-mass binaries with significantly shorter orbits implies that either these time-scales have been overestimated for M-dwarfs, e.g. due to a higher effective magnetic activity, or the mechanism for forming these tight M-dwarf binaries is different from that of earlier-type main-sequence stars.
ABSTRACT
We present an analysis of the photometric variability of M dwarfs in the Wide Field Camera (WFCAM) Transit Survey. Although periodic light‐curve variability in low mass stars is generally ...dominated by photospheric star spot activity, M dwarf variability in the J band has not been as thoroughly investigated as at visible wavelengths. Spectral type estimates for a sample of over 200 000 objects are made using spectral type–colour relations, and over 9600 dwarfs (J < 17) with spectral types later than K7 were found. The light curves of the late‐type sample are searched for periodicity using a Lomb–Scargle periodogram analysis. A total of 68 periodic variable M dwarfs are found in the sample with periods ranging from 0.16 to 90.33 d, with amplitudes in the range of ∼0.009 to ∼0.115 in the J band. We simulate active M dwarfs with a range of latitude‐independent spot coverages and estimate a periodically variable fraction of 1–3 per cent for stars where spots cover more than 10 per cent of the star's surface. Our simulated spot distributions indicate that operating in the J band, where spot contrast ratios are minimized, enables variability in only the most active of stars to be detected. These findings affirm the benefits of using the J band for planetary transit searches compared to visible bands. We also serendipitously find a ΔJ > 0.2 mag flaring event from an M4V star in our sample.
Objective
The authors systematically reviewed evidence on pharmacotherapy for perinatal mental health disorders.
Methods
The authors searched for studies of pregnant, postpartum, or reproductive‐age ...women with mental health disorders treated with pharmacotherapy in MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, the Cochrane Library, and trial registries from database inception through June 5, 2020 and surveilled literature through March 2, 2021. Outcomes included symptoms; functional capacity; quality of life; suicidal events; death; and maternal, fetal, infant, or child adverse events.
Results
164 studies were included. Regarding benefits, brexanolone for third‐trimester or postpartum depression onset may be associated with improved depressive symptoms at 30 days when compared with placebo. Sertraline for postpartum depression may be associated with improved response, remission, and depressive symptoms when compared with placebo. Discontinuing mood stabilizers during pregnancy may be associated with increased recurrence of mood episodes for bipolar disorder. Regarding adverse events, most studies were observational and unable to fully account for confounding. Evidence on congenital and cardiac anomalies for treatment compared with no treatment was inconclusive. Brexanolone for depression onset in the third trimester or the postpartum period may be associated with risk of sedation or somnolence, leading to dose interruption or reduction when compared with placebo.
Conclusions
Evidence from few studies supports the use of pharmacotherapy for perinatal mental health disorders. Although many studies report on adverse events, they could not rule out underlying disease severity as the cause of the association between exposures and adverse events. Patients and clinicians need to make informed, collaborative decisions on treatment choices.
Highlights
Few studies have been conducted in pregnant and postpartum women on the benefits of pharmacotherapy; many studies report on harms but are of low quality
Brexanolone probably improves depressive symptoms; it may increase the risk of sedation or somnolence, leading to dose interruption or reduction. Sertraline may improve response, remission, and depression and anxiety symptoms. Mood stabilizers may reduce recurrence and increase time to recurrence
Although associations may exist between psychotropic medications and adverse events, causality cannot be inferred. The paucity of evidence does not mean that pharmacotherapy is not beneficial, nor that harms do not exist; rather, it underscores the absence of high‐quality research
As rates of Cesarean delivery and common non-communicable disorders (NCDs) such as obesity, metabolic disease, and atopy/asthma have concomitantly increased in recent decades, investigators have ...attempted to discern a causal link. One line of research has led to a hypothesis that Cesarean birth disrupts the presumed normal process of colonization of the neonatal microbiome with vaginal microbes, yielding NCDs later-in-life. However, a direct link between a disrupted microbiota transfer at time of delivery and acute and/or chronic illness in infants born via Cesarean has not been causally established. Microbiota seeding from maternal vaginal or stool sources has been preliminarily evaluated as an intervention designed to compensate for the lack of (or limited) exposure to among Cesarean delivered neonates. However, to date, clinical trials have yet to show a clear health benefit with neonatal “vaginal seeding” practices. Until the long-term effects of these microbiome alterations can be fully determined, it is paramount to conduct parallel meaningful and mechanistic-minded interrogations of the impact of clinically modifiable maternal, nutritional, or environmental exposures on the functional microbiome over the duration of pregnancy and lactation to determine their role in the mitigation of childhood and adult NCDs.
This article discusses about Greendroid mobile Application Processor. Dark silicon has emerged as the fundamental limiter in modern processor design. The Greendroid mobile application processor ...demonstrates an approach that uses dark silicon to execute general-purpose smart phone applications with less energy than today's most energy efficient designs.
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