In recent decades, flexible and wearable devices have been extensively investigated due to their promising applications in portable mobile electronics and human motion monitoring. MXene, a novel ...growing family of 2D nanomaterials, demonstrates superiorities such as outstanding electrical conductivity, abundant terminal groups, unique layered‐structure, large surface area, and hydrophilicity, making it to be a potential candidate material for flexible and wearable devices. Numerous pioneering works are devoted to develop flexible MXene‐based composites with various functions and designed structures. Therefore, the latest progress of the flexible MXene‐based composites for wearable devices is summarized in this review, focusing on the preparation strategies, working mechanisms, performances, and applications in sensors, supercapacitors, and electromagnetic interference shielding materials. Moreover, the current challenges and future outlooks are also discussed.
This is a comprehensive review of flexible MXene‐based composites for various applications as wearable devices in sensors, supercapacitors, and electromagnetic interference shielding materials. The preparation strategies, working mechanisms, performances, and applications of flexible MXene‐based composites are highlighted. Additional work is suggested to be conducted to improve the performance of the flexible MXene‐based composites for wearable devices.
The development of science and technology continues to promote the progress of society. The current intelligence and automation technology has become widely used in society. To this end, this study ...proposes a vehicle intelligent control system based on edge computing and deep learning to promote the far-reaching development of intelligent technology and automation technology. First, control algorithms are used to design a switch control strategy combining accelerator and brake. Second, a fuzzy control algorithm based on vehicle tracking and trajectory deviation is designed to enhance the vehicle's stability during steering. A Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is used to recognize the car's surroundings as it drives. In addition, accelerator and brake controllers and vehicle tracking and trajectory deviation controllers are connected to the vehicle's wiring. Then, the data transmission function based on edge computing is applied to the vehicle's intelligent control system. Finally, trajectory tracking and emergency braking experiments are carried out on the control system to verify the practicability and reliability of the method and the effectiveness of CNN. The simulation experiments are carried out on two states of medium speed and high speed to verify the effectiveness of the longitudinal anti-collision system of the test vehicle when the target vehicle suddenly decelerates. The results demonstrate that the driving speed of the experimental vehicle is set to 50km/h, the distance between the experimental vehicle and the target vehicle is 40m, and the target vehicle in front drives at a constant speed of 50km/h. The target vehicle in front of the car suddenly decelerates in 5 seconds, and the speed drops to 0 after 5 seconds. The actual distance between the experimental vehicle and the target vehicle is very close to the expected safe space, and the experimental vehicle is in a safe state during this process. When the experimental vehicle starts to decelerate, the experimental vehicle adopts emergency deceleration to ensure a safe distance between the two vehicles. At this time, the car enters the second-level early warning state, but driving safety can still be guaranteed. It is advisable to maintain low-speed emergency braking in this state. This study provides creative research ideas for the follow-up research on the intelligent control system of uncrewed vehicles and contributes to the development of intelligence and automation technology.
Brain organoids are self-assembled three-dimensional aggregates generated from pluripotent stem cells with cell types and cytoarchitectures that resemble the embryonic human brain. As such, they have ...emerged as novel model systems that can be used to investigate human brain development and disorders. Although brain organoids mimic many key features of early human brain development at molecular, cellular, structural and functional levels, some aspects of brain development, such as the formation of distinct cortical neuronal layers, gyrification, and the establishment of complex neuronal circuitry, are not fully recapitulated. Here, we summarize recent advances in the development of brain organoid methodologies and discuss their applications in disease modeling. In addition, we compare current organoid systems to the embryonic human brain, highlighting features that currently can and cannot be recapitulated, and discuss perspectives for advancing current brain organoid technologies to expand their applications.
Natural killer (NK) cells play a critical role in the innate antitumor immune response. Recently, NK cell dysfunction has been verified in various malignant tumors, including hepatocellular carcinoma ...(HCC). However, the molecular biological mechanisms of NK cell dysfunction in human HCC are still obscure.
The expression of circular ubiquitin-like with PHD and ring finger domain 1 RNA (circUHRF1) in HCC tissues, exosomes, and cell lines was detected by qRT-PCR. Exosomes were isolated from the culture medium of HCC cells and plasma of HCC patients using an ultracentrifugation method and the ExoQuick Exosome Precipitation Solution kit and then characterized by transmission electronic microscopy, NanoSight and western blotting. The role of circUHRF1 in NK cell dysfunction was assessed by ELISA. In vivo circRNA precipitation, RNA immunoprecipitation, and luciferase reporter assays were performed to explore the molecular mechanisms of circUHRF1 in NK cells. In a retrospective study, the clinical characteristics and prognostic significance of circUHRF1 were determined in HCC tissues.
Here, we report that the expression of circUHRF1 is higher in human HCC tissues than in matched adjacent nontumor tissues. Increased levels of circUHRF1 indicate poor clinical prognosis and NK cell dysfunction in patients with HCC. In HCC patient plasma, circUHRF1 is predominantly secreted by HCC cells in an exosomal manner, and circUHRF1 inhibits NK cell-derived IFN-γ and TNF-α secretion. A high level of plasma exosomal circUHRF1 is associated with a decreased NK cell proportion and decreased NK cell tumor infiltration. Moreover, circUHRF1 inhibits NK cell function by upregulating the expression of TIM-3 via degradation of miR-449c-5p. Finally, we show that circUHRF1 may drive resistance to anti-PD1 immunotherapy in HCC patients.
Exosomal circUHRF1 is predominantly secreted by HCC cells and contributes to immunosuppression by inducing NK cell dysfunction in HCC. CircUHRF1 may drive resistance to anti-PD1 immunotherapy, providing a potential therapeutic strategy for patients with HCC.
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•Zr-MOFs show great potential application in the field of sensing.•Different types of Zr-MOF sensors in fluorescent sensing have been classified.•The important progress in ...fluorescence sensing of Zr-MOFs has been summarized.
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are a class of inorganic–organic hybrid crystalline materials composed of metal cations/clusters and organic ligands. Zirconium-based MOFs (Zr-MOFs) are considered to be one of the most promising families of MOF materials for practical applications due to their structural diversity, incomparable stability, and interesting properties. Therein luminescent Zr-MOFs with suitable metal nodes, ligands, and encapsulated guest molecules exhibit unique fluorescence responses. They could achieve efficient and sensitive detection of various harmful pollutants and dangerous goods, which is significant to human health and environmental protection. In this review, the synthetic strategies, types of sensors, and applications of Zr-MOF sensors were summarized, including progress in sensing ions, nitroaromatic compounds, toxic substances, biosensing and bioimaging in recent years. This review is expected to guide the design, synthesis and practical application of Zr-MOFs in chemical and biological sensing, enrich the library of Zr-MOF sensors, and expand their application scope for more detrimental species.
Lightweight, flexible, and electrically conductive thin films with high electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding effectiveness are highly desirable for next‐generation portable and wearable ...electronic devices. Here, spin spray layer‐by‐layer (SSLbL) to rapidly assemble Ti3C2Tx MXene‐carbon nanotube (CNT) composite films is shown and their potential for EMI shielding is demonstrated. The SSLbL technique allows strategic combinations of nanostructured materials and polymers providing a rich platform for developing hierarchical architectures with desirable cross‐functionalities including controllable transparency, thickness, and conductivity, as well as high stability and flexibility. These semi‐transparent LbL MXene‐CNT composite films show high conductivities up to 130 S cm−1 and high specific shielding effectiveness up to 58 187 dB cm2 g−1, which is attributed to both the excellent electrical conductivity of the conductive fillers (i.e., MXene and CNT) and the enhanced absorption with the LbL architecture of the films. Remarkably, these values are among the highest reported values for flexible and semi‐transparent composite thin films. This work could offer new solutions for next‐generation EMI shielding challenges.
Lightweight, flexible, and electrically conductive thin films with high electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness are highly desirable for next‐generation portable and wearable electronic devices. Here, spin spray layer‐by‐layer is demonstrated to rapidly assemble Ti3C2Tx MXene‐carbon nanotube composite films with desirable cross‐functionalities including controllable transparency, thickness, and conductivity, as well as high stability and flexibility.
The crustal growth and stabilization of the North China Craton (NCC) relate to three major geological events in the Precambrian: (1) a major phase of continental growth at ca. 2.7
Ga; (2) the ...amalgamation of micro-blocks and cratonization at ca. 2.5
Ga; and (3) Paleoproterozoic rifting–subduction–accretion–collision tectonics and subsequent high-grade granulite facies metamorphism–granitoid magmatism during ca. 2.0–1.82. The major period of continental growth during 2.9–2.7
Ga in the NCC correlates with the global growth of Earth's crust recognized from other regions. The enormous volume of tonalite–trondhjemite–granodiorite (TTG) rocks and associated komatiite-bearing magmatic suites developed during this period possibly suggest the manifestation of plume tectonics. The cratonization of the NCC at the end of Neoarchean at ca. 2.5
Ga (Archean–Proterozoic boundary) through the amalgamation of micro-blocks was accompanied by granulite facies metamorphism and voluminous intrusion of crustally-derived granitic melts leading to the construction of the basic tectonic framework of the NCC. Several Neoarchean greenstone belts surround the micro-blocks and represent the vestiges of older arc–continent collision. The next major imprint in the NCC is the Paleoproterozoic orogenic events during 2.35 -1.82 Ga which involved rifting followed by subduction -accretion -collision processes, followed by plume-triggered extension and rifting, offering important insights into modern-style plate tectonics operating in the Paleoproterozoic. Extreme crustal metamorphism and formation of high pressure (HP) and ultra-high temperature (UHT) orogens during 1950–1820
Ma accompanied the subduction–collision process and the suturing of continental blocks within the Paleoproterozoic supercontinent Columbia. Multiple subduction zones with opposing subduction polarity promoted the rapid assembly of crustal fragments of the NCC and their incorporation into the Columbia supercontinent. The HP and HT-UHT granulites demonstrate two main stages of metamorphism at ca. 1.95–1.89
Ga and at ca. 1.85–1.82
Ga, exhuming the basement rocks from lowermost crust level to the lower-middle crust level. With the emplacement of extensive mafic dyke swarms associated with continental rifting, and the intrusion of anorogenic magmatic suites, the evolution of the NCC into a stable continental platform was finally accomplished.
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► Major crustal growth in the North China Craton at 2.9-2.7 Ga. ► Neoarchean greenstone belts surrounding micro-blocks represent vestiges of arc -continent collision. ► Paleoproterozoic rifting followed by subduction-accretion-collision and plume-triggered extension analogous to modern-style plate tectonics.
Glioblastoma tumors exhibit extensive inter- and intratumoral heterogeneity, which has contributed to the poor outcomes of numerous clinical trials and continues to complicate the development of ...effective therapeutic strategies. Most in vitro models do not preserve the cellular and mutational diversity of parent tumors and often require a lengthy generation time with variable efficiency. Here, we describe detailed procedures for generating glioblastoma organoids (GBOs) from surgically resected patient tumor tissue using a chemically defined medium without cell dissociation. By preserving cell-cell interactions and minimizing clonal selection, GBOs maintain the cellular heterogeneity of parent tumors. We include details of how to passage and cryopreserve GBOs for continued use, biobanking and long-term recovery. In addition, we describe procedures for investigating patient-specific responses to immunotherapies by co-culturing GBOs with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells. It takes ~2-4 weeks to generate GBOs and 5-7 d to perform CAR T cell co-culture using this protocol. Competence with human cell culture, tissue processing, immunohistology and microscopy is required for optimal results.
Adult neurogenesis, a process of generating functional neurons from adult neural precursors, occurs throughout life in restricted brain regions in mammals. The past decade has witnessed tremendous ...progress in addressing questions related to almost every aspect of adult neurogenesis in the mammalian brain. Here we review major advances in our understanding of adult mammalian neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus and from the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricle, the rostral migratory stream to the olfactory bulb. We highlight emerging principles that have significant implications for stem cell biology, developmental neurobiology, neural plasticity, and disease mechanisms. We also discuss remaining questions related to adult neural stem cells and their niches, underlying regulatory mechanisms, and potential functions of newborn neurons in the adult brain. Building upon the recent progress and aided by new technologies, the adult neurogenesis field is poised to leap forward in the next decade.
Fibre‐based materials have received tremendous attention due to their flexibility and wearability. Although great efforts have been devoted to achieve high‐performance fibres over the past several ...years, it is still challenging for multifunctional macroscopic fibres to satisfy versatile applications. 2D transition metal carbides/nitrides (MXenes) with intriguing physical/chemical properties have been explored in broad application, and may be able to reinforce synthetic fibres. Inspired by natural materials, for the first time, flexible smart fibres and textiles are fabricated using a 3D printing process with hybrid inks of TEMPO (2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidine‐1‐oxylradi‐cal)‐mediated oxidized cellulose nanofibrils (TOCNFs) and Ti3C2 MXene. The hybrid inks display good rheological properties, which allow them to achieve accurate structures and be rapidly printed. TOCNFs/Ti3C2 in hybrid inks self‐assemble to fibres with an aligned structure in ethanol, mimicking the features of the natural structures of plant fibres. In contrast to conventional synthetic fibres with limited functions, smart TOCNFs/Ti3C2 fibres and textiles exhibit significant responsiveness to multiple external stimuli (electrical/photonic/mechanical). TOCNFs/Ti3C2 textiles with electromechanical performance can be processed into sensitive strain sensors. Such multifunctional smart fibres and textiles will be promising in diverse applications, including wearable heating textiles, human health monitoring, and human–machine interfaces.
Highly flexible and conductive smart fibres and textiles with integrated multifunctionality are fabricated by assembling cellulose nanofibrils and Ti3C2 MXene using a facile 3D printing process. The resultant smart fibres and textiles exhibit excellent responsiveness to multiple external stimuli (electrical/photonic/mechanical). The smart textile can also be processed into a sensitive strain sensor to achieve real‐time human motion recognition.
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