In this paper, taking the Upper Triassic Yan-chang Formation in the Ordos Basin as an example, core, thin section, physical property tests and mercury intrusion experiments are used to study the pore ...structure, mineral composition, physical properties and pore structure parameters of the reservoir. The research results show that the Chang 6 sandstone is mainly fine sandstone and silt fine-grained sandstone. The Chang 6 oil-bearing group is a delta front subfa-cies, including underwater distributary channels and interdistributed bay microfacies. According to the results of fracturing oil testing in this area, the Chang 6 reservoir that produces industrial oil flow is generally fine sandstone. The diagenesis of Chang 6 reservoir mainly includes compaction, pressure solution, cementation and dissolution. The compaction causes the debris particles to rotate, and the debris particles form line-to-surface contact, concave-convex contact and suture line contact under pressure. Pressure solution causes the secondary growth of quartz and feldspar to form a plaque-like dense mosaic structure. The cementation of Chang 6 reservoir includes chlorite film and clay cementation, calcite cementation, and quartz secondary growth. Dissolution is the main factor for forming secondary pores and improving reservoir physical properties. The dissolution of Chang 6 reservoir is mainly manifested as intergran-ular dissolution, intragranular dissolution of feldspar, dissolution of rock debris and cements. According to the mineral type and formation sequence of Yan-chang formation rock, it can be determined that the Chang 6 reservoir in this area has entered the late di-agenetic stage. The maximum mercury ingress saturation of sandstone in this area is 43.08%~81.08%, with an average of 65.74%; the mercury removal efficiency is 26%~44.15%, with an average of 33.57%. Finally, the Chang 6 reservoirs in this area were divided into three types.
A coal fire is one of the most serious disasters in coal mining. To improve the efficiency of an inert gas for extinguishing the fire, the adsorption behavior of coal in CO
2
/N
2
mixed gas was ...investigated in this study. Proximate analysis, ultimate analysis, solid-state
13
C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and molecular dynamics (MD) were applied to analyze and establish the bituminous coal molecular model. The adsorption behavior of bituminous coal in mixed gas mixtures with different proportions was studied using the bituminous coal model and Materials Studio (MS) software. A self-built coal adsorption experimental system was used for experiments. The adsorption of bituminous coal to CO
2
is stronger than that to N
2
, and there is a competitive adsorption relationship between them. The amount of CO
2
adsorbed by the coal gradually increases as the CO
2
partial pressure rises, consistent with the Langmuir model. With an increase in CO
2
pressure, the total adsorption capacity, which is divided into the rapid increase stage, slow growth stage, and stable stage, also increases. The coal adsorbs 0.5050 cm
3
/g, 0.7455 cm
3
/g, 0.9450 cm
3
/g, 1.0715 cm
3
/g, and 1.2000 cm
3
/g for pure N
2
, 2%, 5%, 7%, and 10% CO
2
, respectively, in the experiment. The results of the simulation and experiment show the same trend, which means that the injection of a small amount of CO
2
into pure N
2
will greatly improve the gas adsorption volume of the coal, demonstrating that it is feasible to improve the ability of the coal to absorb mixed gases by changing the gas concentration and consequently to increase the efficiency of inert gas for fire extinguishing and suppression.
•DHEAP is a novel plant growth regulator.•DHEAP improved maize lodging resistance.•DHEAP shaped a compact maize plant type.•DHEAP is helpful to increases summer maize planting density in NCP.
...Increasing the planting density (PD) of maize (Zea mays L.) crops is the most efficient method for enhancing maize grain yield, but supra-optimum PD leads to an increase in lodged maize, which alters the maize canopy structure. In this study, N, N-Diethyl-2-hexanoyl oxygen radicals-ethyl amine (2-ethyl chloride) phosphonic acid salt (DHEAP, a single compound), a novel plant growth regulator, was sprayed at the seven-expanded-leaf stage under two different PDs (75,000, and 90,000 plants ha-1) using two maize hybrids, ZD958 (lodging-resistance) and XY335 (lodging-susceptible), to reduce maize lodging rates and improve the maize canopy structure under high PD. After DHEAP treatment, the maize lodging rate of ZD958 and XY335 decreased by 70.87% and 75.22%, respectively, through a change in the morphological structure (i.e., reduced plant and ear heights and increased mean tilt angle) and an improvement in the basal internode quality (i.e., increased diameter, dry weight per unit length, crushing strength, cellulose content, lignin content, and vascular area, and reduced length). In addition, DHEAP treatment significantly reduced gibberellin (GA3) contents in maize basal internodes. Moreover, the increase in the mean tilt angle (MTA) above the maize ear leaf after DHEAP treatment improved the light penetration in the middle leaf strata, which increased the chlorophyll content (SPAD), net photosynthetic rate (Pn), and Rubisco enzyme activities. Finally, DHEAP treatment increased the grain yield of ZD958 and XY335 under 90,000 PD by 22.28% and 43.14%, respectively. Thus, it was concluded that the spraying of DHEAP effectively reduced maize lodging rates and improved the photosynthetic performance of the maize ear leaf, which increased maize grain yield under high PDs.
Studies have established the benefits of horticultural therapy and activities for human health and well-being. Nonetheless, limited research has been conducted on the potential restorative advantages ...and distinctions between different types of horticultural activities in terms of stress reduction.
This study employed a quantitative research method to investigate the stress recovery benefits of five horticultural activities (flower arrangement, sowing and transplanting seeds,
crafting, pressed flower card making, and decorative bottle painting with dried flowers) and one reference activity (short composition writing) for children. The experiment was conducted in a children's activity center's multi-purpose classroom with 48 elementary students aged 9-12 years. The subjects first took a stress test to induce stress and then engaged in horticultural activities for 20 min. Physiological stress was assessed using electrocardiograms and electroencephalograms as feedback indicators. Psychological and emotional changes were determined using the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule for Children and Self-Assessment Manikin scales.
The results demonstrated that horticultural activities greatly reduced physiological fatigue, and their recovery benefits were significantly greater than those of the reference activity. The recovery effects from different horticultural activities were similar across physiological indicators, although flower arrangement and sowing and transplanting seeds exhibited relatively robust recovery benefits. The heart rate and α-EEG-based generalized estimating equation revealed that horticultural activities offered significantly better relative recovery at each time phase of operation than the reference activity, with girls showing a 3.68% higher relative recovery value than boys. Flower arrangement and
crafting offered better physiological recovery for students with prior horticultural experience, and these two activities received the highest scores in terms of positive effects and the "pleasure" dimension. Students believed that participating in horticultural activities resulted in a noteworthy increase in personal confidence and a greater sense of achievement.
The study suggests that horticultural activities that involve real and vibrant plants or natural materials and are more attractive have more stress-relieving benefits. We conclude that horticultural activities are beneficial leisure activities that aid in stress relief for children and that it is important to consider the attributes of activities when developing horticultural programs for elementary students.
Plant amino acid transporters regulate not only long-distance transport and reallocation of nitrogen (N) from source to sink organs, but also the amount of amino acids in leaves hijacked by invading ...pathogens. However, the function of amino acid transporters in plant defense responses to pathogen infection remains unknown. In this study, we found that the rice amino acid transporter gene OsLHT1 was expressed in leaves and up-regulated by maturation, N starvation, and inoculation of the blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. Knock out of OsLHT1 resulted in development stage- and N supply-dependent premature senescence of leaves at the vegetative growth stage. In comparison with the wild type, Oslht1 mutant lines showed sustained rusty red spots on fully mature leaf blades irrespective of N supply levels. Notably, no relationship between the severity of leaf rusty red spots and concentration of total N or amino acids was found in Oslht1 mutants at different developmental stages. Disruption of OsLHT1 altered transport and metabolism of amino acids and biosynthesis of flavones and flavonoids, enhanced expression of jasmonic acid- and salicylic acid-related defense genes, production of jasmonic acid and salicylic acid, and accumulation of reactive oxygen species. OsLHT1 inactivation dramatically prevented the leaf invasion by M. oryzae, a hemi-biotrophic ascomycete fungus. Overall, these results establish a link connecting the activity of an amino acid transporter with leaf metabolism and defense against rice blast fungus.
Potassium is directly involved in plant cell turgor-driven cell elongation, this is important for promoting the expansion of invasive plants. Soil potassium-solubilizing microorganisms in some ...invaded ecosystems may promote plant invasion by increasing potassium availability. The aims of this study were to isolate and identify potassium-solubilizing bacteria and to evaluate their contribution to the solubilization of potassium from potassium-feldspar, and to the potassium uptake of Mikania micrantha. Potassium-solubilizing bacteria were isolated using solid Aleksandrov medium in abandoned orchards that have been highly invaded by M. micrantha for more than 10 years. Our results revealed that 18 strains of efficient bacteria were identified using liquid Aleksandrov medium. Among the isolates, the Burkholderia genus had the highest solubilizing ability (1.75 mg L−1). The results of the pot culture experiment showed that the plant biomass and potassium content of M. micrantha with potassium-solubilizing bacteria were higher than in the control without these bacteria. Incubation with potassium-solubilizing bacteria, especially GZ18, significantly increased the plant phosphorus content. More potassium was solubilized in treatments with potassium-solubilizing bacteria than in the control without bacteria. These results strongly suggest that potassium-solubilizing bacteria in the rhizosphere of M. micrantha could improve potassium solubilization and uptake, and contributed to their success as an invasive species.
•The Burkholderia genus had the highest solubilizing potassium ability (1.75 mg L−1).•Incubation with potassium-solubilizing bacteria increased the plant potassium and phosphorus content.•M. micrantha had significant interaction effect with potassium-solubilizing bacteria.
Arabidopsis Argonaute10 (AGO10) specifically sequesters miR165 and miR166 and antagonizes their activity, thus regulating shoot apical meristem (SAM) development. However, where and when this ...sequestration acts is currently unclear. We show here that AGO10 represses miR165/166 activity in the embryo proper during early embryogenesis, through the apical and central regions of mature embryos, and eventually in the entire adaxial domain and vasculature of the cotyledons and leaf primordia. These locations are essentially identical to regions expressing PHABULOSA and REVOLUTA, mRNA targets of miR165/166. The Arabidopsis genome contains nine MIR165/166 genes. Sequestration of miR165/166 by the MIR165b, MIR166a, MIR166b, and MIR166g promoters efficiently rescues the SAM defect in ago10 mutants. Comparison of the expression patterns of AGO10 and the four MIR165/166 members suggests that AGO10 quenches the non-cell-autonomous activity of any miR165/166 that moves into AGO10-expressing niches. Thus, this study provides insight into how the spatiotemporal regulation of AGO10-miR165/166 activity affects SAM development.
Display omitted
•AGO10 mediates non-cell-autonomous regulation through miR165/166•AGO10 represses miR165/166 activity in expression domains of PHB and REV genes•MIR165b, MIR166a, MIR166b, and MIR166g are negative regulators of SAM development•AGO10 quenches miR165/166 that move into AGO10-expressing niches
Zhou et al. find that MIR165b, MIR166a, MIR166b, and MIR166g inhibit shoot apical meristem (SAM) development, while AGO10 quenches any miR165/166 that moves into AGO10-expressing regions. These findings highlight the impact of spatiotemporal regulation of miR165/166 activity by AGO10 in SAM development.
Drought stress caused by insufficient irrigation or precipitation impairs agricultural production worldwide. In this study, a two-year field experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of ...coronatine (COR), a functional analog of jasmonic acid (JA), on maize drought resistance. The experiment included two water treatments (rainfed and irrigation), four COR concentrations (mock, 0 μmol L−1; A1, 0.1 μmol L−1; A2, 1 μmol L−1; A3, 10 μmol L−1) and two maize genotypes (Fumin 985 (FM985), a drought-resistant cultivar and Xianyu 335 (XY335), a drought-sensitive cultivar). Spraying 1 μmol L−1 COR at seedling stage increased surface root density and size, including root dry matter by 12.6%, projected root area by 19.0%, average root density by 51.9%, and thus root bleeding sap by 28.2% under drought conditions. COR application also increased leaf area and SPAD values, a result attributed to improvement of the root system and increases in abscisic acid (ABA), JA, and salicylic acid (SA) contents. The improvement of leaves and roots laid the foundation for increasing plant height and dry matter accumulation. COR application reduced anthesis and silking interval, increasing kernel number per ear. COR treatment at 1 μmol L−1 increased the yield of XY335 and FM985 by 7.9% and 11.0%, respectively. Correlation and path analysis showed that grain yields were correlated with root dry weight and projected root area, increasing maize drought resistance mainly via leaf area index and dry matter accumulation. Overall, COR increased maize drought resistance mainly by increasing root dry weight and root area, with 1 μmol L−1 COR as an optimal concentration.
Aims
In this study, a novel plant growth regulator 2,4-dichloroformamide cyclopropane acid (B2) was used to explore its effects on wheat stalk morphology, chemical composition, anatomical structure, ...crushing strength and their relationship with lodging resistance. The effects of stem quality change on grain filling and yield were further discussed.
Methods
We conducted a series of experiments, including determinations of internode morphology and breaking resistance, analyses of chemical composition and hormone content, observation of internode anatomy, and measurement of grain filling rate, to explore the effects of internode developmental changes induced by B2 treatment on grain filling.
Results
Spraying 150 μmol·L
−1
B2 at jointing stage significantly decreased plant height, height of center of gravity, basal internode and cell length, while increased stem diameter, wall thickness of basal second internode, cortex thickness, vascular bundle transverse section area and cell cross-sectional area, which resulted in higher breaking strength and culm lodging resistance index. B2 also significantly reduced the content of gibberellin in the second basal internode, and increased the accumulation of lignin and cellulose, thus forming a shorter and stronger stalk. Correlation analysis showed that stem outer diameter, stem wall thickness, cellulose and lignin content were significantly and positively correlated with stem breaking strength. The improvement of stalk structure, especially vascular bundle area, increased bleeding sap, which contributed to grain filling and final yield formation.
Conclusions
Lodging resistance and average grain-filling rate can be enhanced by spraying B2 at wheat jointing stage due to the improvement of culm structure, which is conducive to further increase of yield.
PDF
