Drought stress negatively affects wheat growth and yield. Application of drought agent is an effective way to improve crop drought tolerance, therefore increasing crop yield. Based on the structure ...of abscisic acid (ABA), Pyrabactin and coronatine (COR), we designed the target compound B2. To investigate the function of B2 in alleviating drought stress on wheat, the drought-resistant variety ND212 and drought-sensitive variety LX99 were used under hydroponic conditions. The results showed that B2 had a similar function with ABA, especially 0.01 μmol·L
B2. Under drought stress conditions, 0.01 μmol·L
B2 increased the water content of wheat, enhanced the osmotic adjustment ability of leaves, and reduced the toxicity of reactive oxygen species on cells. What's more, 0.01 μmol·L
B2 improved the expression level of ABA-responsive genes TaSnRK2.4 and TaMYB3R1. It also improved the expression level of drought-responsive genes TaSRHP and TaERF3. Taken together, B2 enhanced drought tolerance in wheat by activating ABA signaling pathway.
A composed material of amorphous carbon nanotubes (ACNTs) and encapsulated transition metal oxide (TMOs) nanoparticles was prepared by a common thermophysics effect, which is named the Marangoni ...effect, and a simple anneal process. The prepared ropy solution would form a Marangoni convection and climb into the channel of anodic aluminum oxide template (AAO) spontaneously. The ingenious design of the preparation method determined a distinctive structure of TMOs nanoparticles with a size of ∼5 nm and amorphous carbon coated outside full in the ACNTs. Here we prepared the ferric oxide (Fe2O3) nanoparticles and Fe2O3 mixed with manganic oxide (Fe2O3&Mn2O3) nanoparticles encapsulated in ACNTs as two anode materials of lithium ion batteries’ the TMOs-filled ACNTs presented an evolutionary electrochemical performance in some respects of highly reversible capacity and excellent cycling stability (880 mA h g–1 after 150 cycles).
The relationship of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in COL4A2 gene with risk and outcome of primary intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in the Chinese Han population remains unclear, which was ...investigated in this study. Primary ICH patients and non-stroke controls of Chinese Han ethnicity were enrolled. The genotypes of 8 tag-SNPs were determined using a custom-by-design 48-Plex SNPscan Kit. Poor 3-month outcome was defined as modified Rankin Scale score 4-6. Logistic regression was employed to examine association between COL4A2 variants and risk and poor outcome of primary ICH. 323 patients with primary ICH and 376 stroke-free controls were included. Compared to controls, the rs1049931 G and rs1049906 C alleles were associated with increased ICH risk (p = 0.027 and 0.033), and these two allele counts increased this risk after adjustments respectively (additive model: adjusted OR aOR 1.41, 95% CI 1.03-1.94, corrected p = 0.043; aOR 1.37, 95% CI 1.01-1.86, corrected p = 0.043). The rs1049931 AG/GG and rs1049906 CT/CC genotypes showed increased susceptibility to non-lobar hemorrhage (aOR 1.63, 95% CI 1.06-2.50, p = 0.025; aOR 1.63, 95% CI 1.07-2.47, p = 0.022). Haplotype analysis revealed an association between rs1049906-rs1049931 haplotype CG and ICH risk (OR 1.36, 95% CI 1.05-1.78, p = 0.021). Regarding clinical outcome, the rs3803230 C allele (dominant model: aOR 1.94, 95% CI 1.04-3.63, p = 0.037) and haplotype AC of rs7990214-rs3803230 (OR 1.98, 95% CI 1.13-3.46, p = 0.015) contributed to 3-month poor outcome. The COL4A2 polymorphisms are associated with an increased risk of primary ICH, mainly non-lobar hemorrhage, and with long-term poor outcome after ICH in Chinese Han population.
Nowadays, exploiting electrode materials with high energy density and long cycling life is crucial for meeting the urgent requirement of ever-growing energy storage for EV/HEV. Herein, we introduced ...a simple synthetic route to prepare FeNi2S4 QDs @C composites on a large scale. By means of suitable design, the ultra-small FeNi2S4 quantum dots (QDs) were encapsulated in the carbon matrix, and the forming FeNi2S4 QDs @C composites exhibit excellent electrochemical performances. When tested as anode materials for lithium ion battery, the high capacity of 920 mAhg−1 at 0.1 Ag-1 could be achieved. Except the high capacity, the FeNi2S4 QDs @C composites present the enhancing cycling stability, which demonstrated more than 700 cycles with twice capacity of graphite and capacity retention of almost 100% could be achieved, compared to the capacity of second cycle. Detailed investigations of phase evolutions by XRD patterns and TEM indicate the phase segregation of FeSx and NiSy during the charge/discharge process. The conversion reactions between Fe/Ni and FeSx/NiSy took place in the carbon matrixes, which would hinder the aggregation and grow-up of nanoparticles, resulting in the structure stability. Hence, the ultra-small size, self-doping and stable structure led to the superior electrochemical properties. We believe that the FeNi2S4 @C composites would be an alternative anode material for next generation lithium ion battery.
Ethephon is plant growth regulator widely used to control maize lodging at the early stage of jointing. However, the function and efficacy of ethephon due to differences of cultivars and maize ...growing areas remains elusive, necessitating the evaluation of each cultivar’s sensitivities prior to the application of ethylene. In this study, we collected ten maize cultivars from the largest planted area in China and cultivated in three typical growing areas to evaluate their sensitivity to ethephon. The results showed that ethephon reduced maize plant height, ear height, length of base internode, and generally increased the crushing strength of maize base internode. These traits may enhance maize lodging resistance by reducing the center of gravity of the plant structure. The effect of ethephon varied across growing areas, and cultivars within the same region exhibited distinct sensitivity levels to ethephon. The crushing strength of the eighth internode in maize exhibits a wide range of change and small coefficient of variation. Hence, this index's change range could be utilized to assess the sensitivity of maize cultivars to ethephon in various regions. In addition to agronomic traits, we detected shifts in transcriptional levels related to the signaling pathways of phytohormones, particularly ethylene and gibberellin. These changes reveal the association between transcriptional signaling levels of key factors and the sensitivity to ethylene in ten maize cultivars. The results contribute to our understanding of the lodging resistance in different maize cultivars and evaluation the sensitivity of maize cultivar to ethephon in different growing areas, with implications for comparable pedo-climatic conditions elsewhere.
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•The sensitivity of same cultivar to ETH differed in different growing areas, and within the same growing area.•The sensitivity of different cultivars to ETH can be evaluated by the crushing strength of maize eighth internode.•The sensitivity of different cultivars to ETH correlated to the expression level of ETH receptor.
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia. Notably, patients with AD often suffer from severe sarcopenia. However, their direct link and relationship remain poorly understood. ...Here, we generated a mouse line, TgAPP
, by crossing LSL (LoxP-STOP-LoxP)-APP
with HSA-Cre mice, which express APP
(Swedish mutant APP) selectively in skeletal muscles. Examining phenotypes in TgAPP
mice showed not only sarcopenia-like deficit, but also AD-relevant hippocampal inflammation, impairments in adult hippocampal neurogenesis and blood brain barrier (BBB), and depression-like behaviors. Further studies suggest that APP
expression in skeletal muscles induces senescence and expressions of senescence-associated secretory phenotypes (SASPs), which include inflammatory cytokines and chemokines; but decreases growth factors, such as PDGF-BB and BDNF. These changes likely contribute to the systemic and hippocampal inflammation, deficits in neurogenesis and BBB, and depression-like behaviors, revealing a link of sarcopenia with AD, and uncovering an axis of muscular APP
to brain in AD development.
Ground deformation (GD) has been widely reported as a global issue and is now an ongoing problem that will profoundly endanger the public safety. GD is a complex and dynamic problem with many ...contributing factors that occur over time. In the literature, there are only a few methods that can effectively monitor GD. Microwave remote sensing data such as interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) are mostly adopted to assess GD. These data can reveal the surface deforming areas with great precision, mapping GD results at a large scale. In this study, the effects of GD and the influencing factors, such as the building area, the water level, the cumulative precipitation, and the cumulative temperature, are modeled in the Erhai region with small baseline subset interferometric SAR (SBAS-InSAR) data that are applied using machine learning (ML) methods. The ML methods, namely, multiple linear regression (MLR), multilayer perceptron backpropagation (MLP-BP), least squares support vector machine (LSSVM), and particle swarm optimization (PSO)-LSSVM, are used to predict GD, and the results are compared. Particularly, the PSO-LSSVM method has obtained the least root mean square error (RMSE) and mean relative error (MRE) of 11.448 and 0.112, respectively. Therefore, the results have proven that the proposed PSO-LSSVM is very efficient in analyzing GD.
In this paper, taking the per capita tourism revenue of the administrative units of Chinese mainland from 2007 to 2018 as an indicator, we analyze the unbalanced regional tourism growth in Chinese ...mainland and its trends by using kernel density estimation (KDE), the Gini index, and exploratory spatial data analysis (ESDA). The results demonstrate that (1) the distribution of regional tourism data in Chinese mainland and its four economic regions tends to converge, and the relative difference in tourism development among cities is slowly decreasing. (2) The differences in regional tourism development within the four economic regions in China are different, and each part shows its own degree of decline, with the gap in regional tourism development in Western China being the largest, and that in regional tourism growth in Northeast China the smallest. The difference in regional tourism development in both East and Northeast China decreased significantly and that in Central China decreased the least. (3) Finally, the difference in regional tourism development is dominated by a positive spatial correlation. The range of high-high types has expanded, and low-high and high-low types have decreased.
•IEF accelerates the acid hydrolysis of potato starch.•Elevated electric conductivity in the sample improves IEF system efficiency.•IEF-HCl hydrolysis destructs the semi-crystal and granular ...structure of starch.•IEF-HCl hydrolysis decreases the swelling power and pasting viscosity of starch.
The induced electric field assisted hydrochloric acid (IEF-HCl) hydrolysis of potato starch was investigated in a fluidic system. The impact of various reaction parameters on the hydrolysis rate, including reactor number (1–4), salt type (KCl, MgCl2, FeCl3), salt concentration (3–12%), temperature (40–55°C), and hydrolysis time (0–60h), were comprehensively assessed. Under optimal conditions, the maximum reducing sugar content in the hydrolysates was 10.59g/L. X-ray diffraction suggested that the crystallinity of IEF-HCl-modified starches increased with the intensification of hydrolysis but was lower than that of native starch. Scanning electron microscopy indicated that the surface and interior regions of starch granules were disrupted by the hydrolysis. The solubility of IEF-HCl-modified starches increased compared to native starch while their swelling power decreased, contributing to a decline in paste viscosity. These results suggest that IEF is a notable potential electrotechnology to conventional hydrolysis under mild conditions without any electrode touching the subject.
Lodging is one of the important factors causing maize yield. Plant height is an important factor in determining plant architecture in maize (Zea mays L.), which is closely related to lodging ...resistance under high planting density. Coronatine (COR), which is a phytotoxin and produced by the pathogen Pseudomonas syringae, is a functional and structural analogue of jasmonic acid (JA).
In this study, we found COR, as a new plant growth regulator, could effectively reduce plant height and ear height of both hybrids (ZD958 and XY335) and inbred (B73) maize by inhibiting internode growth during elongation, thus improve maize lodging resistance. To study gene expression changes in internode after COR treatment, we collected spatio-temporal transcriptome of inbred B73 internode under normal condition and COR treatment, including the three different regions of internode (fixed, meristem and elongation regions) at three different developmental stages. The gene expression levels of the three regions at normal condition were described and then compared with that upon COR treatment. In total, 8605 COR-responsive genes (COR-RGs) were found, consist of 802 genes specifically expressed in internode. For these COR-RGs, 614, 870, 2123 of which showed expression changes in only fixed, meristem and elongation region, respectively. Both the number and function were significantly changed for COR-RGs identified in different regions, indicating genes with different functions were regulated at the three regions. Besides, we found more than 80% genes of gibberellin and jasmonic acid were changed under COR treatment.
These data provide a gene expression profiling in different regions of internode development and molecular mechanism of COR affecting internode elongation. A putative schematic of the internode response to COR treatment is proposed which shows the basic process of COR affecting internode elongation. This research provides a useful resource for studying maize internode development and improves our understanding of the COR regulation mechanism based on plant height.
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