In the eyes of many, one of the most challenging problems of the information society is that we are faced with an ever expanding mass of information. Selection of the relevant bits of information ...seems to become more important than the retrieval of data as such: the information is all out there, but what it means and how we should act on it may be one of the big questions of the 21st century. If an information society is a society with an exponential proliferation of data, a knowledge society must be the one that has learned how to cope with this. Profiling technologies seem to be one of the most promising technological means to create order in the chaos of proliferating data. In this volume a multi-focal view will be developed to focus upon what profiling is, where it is applied and what may be the impact on democracy and rule of law. The book is the result of research conducted within the framework of the FIDIS (Future of Identity of Information Society) NoE (Network of Excellence).
Although Europe has a significant legal data protection framework, built up around EU Directive 95/46/EC and the Charter of Fundamental Rights, the question of whether data protection and its legal ...framework are in good health is increasingly being posed. Advanced technologies raise fundamental issues regarding key concepts of data protection. Falling storage prices, increasing chips performance, the fact that technology is becoming increasingly embedded and ubiquitous, the convergence of technologies and other technological developments are broadening the scope and possibilities of applications rapidly. Society however, is also changing, affecting the privacy and data protection landscape. The demand for free services, security, convenience, governance, etc, changes the mindsets of all the stakeholders involved. Privacy is being proclaimed dead or at least worthy of dying by the captains of industry; governments and policy makers are having to manoeuvre between competing and incompatible aims; and citizens and customers are considered to be indifferent. In the year in which the plans for the revision of the Data Protection Directive will be revealed, the current volume brings together a number of chapters highlighting issues, describing and discussing practices, and offering conceptual analysis of core concepts within the domain of privacy and data protection. The books first part focuses on surveillance, profiling and prediction; the second on regulation, enforcement, and security; and the third on some of the fundamental concepts in the area of privacy and data protection. Reading the various chapters it appears that the patient needs to be cured of quite some weak spots, illnesses and malformations. European data protection is at a turning point and the new challenges are not only accentuating the existing flaws and the anticipated difficulties, but also, more positively, the merits and the need for strong and accurate dataprotection practices and rules in Europe, and elsewhere.
This book is about data protection, privacy and liberty and the way these fundamental values of our societies are protected and enforced, particularly in their interaction with the ever developing ...capacities and possibilities of information and communication technologies. The authors are all closely involved in data protection and privacy. They represent the stakeholders in the debate: practitioners, civil liberties advocates, civil servants, data protection commissioners and academics. Their contributions evaluate current European data protection law against the background of the introduction of increasingly powerful, miniaturized, ubiquitous and autonomic forms of computing. The book assesses data protection and privacy law by analyzing the actual problems (trans-border data flows, proportionality of the processing, and sensitive data) and identifying lacunae and bottlenecks, while at the same time looking at prospects for the future (web 2.0., RFID, profiling) and suggesting paths for a rethinking and reinvention of the fundamental principles and concepts. From this perspective the recent constitutional acknowledgment of data protection as a fundamental right has a transformative power and should create the opportunity for a dynamic, participative, inductive and democratic process of ‘networked’ re-invention of data protection. The present book aims to make a contribution by seizing on this opportunity.
Introduction; 1 Principles of the democratic constitutional state; 1.1 The Recognition of Human Rights in their Double Function; 1.2 The Rule of Law; 1.3 Democracy; 2 The democratic constitutional ...state and the invention of two complementary legal tools of power control; 2.1 Limiting power through opacity tools; 2.2 Channelling power through transparency tools; 3 Privacy as a tool for opacity (creating zones of non-interference); 3.1 The negative role of privacy; 3.2 The positive role of privacy; 3.3 The non-absolute nature of privacy; 4 Data protection as a tool for transparency; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 The rationale behind data protection; 4.3 Data protection as an opacity tool?; 4.4 The charter of fundamental rights of the european union; 5 The shift from opacity towards transparency in european human rights law; 5.1 European human rights law and the legality requirement; 5.2 The success of the legality requirement; 5.3 A critical comment about the strasbourg focus on the legality requirement; 5.4 The danger of proceduralisation; 5.5 A requirement fundamental to opacity: necessary in a democratic state; 6. Combining privacy and data protection 6.1 Combining the tools; 6.2 Determining the switch; 6.3 An example: camera surveillance; 6.4 A second example: passenger profiling; 6.5 Workable criteria?; Conclusion.
This timely interdisciplinary work on current developments in ICT and privacy/data protection, coincides as it does with the rethinking of the Data Protection Directive, the contentious debates on ...data sharing with the USA (SWIFT, PNR) and the judicial and political resistance against data retention. The authors of the contributions focus on particular and pertinent issues from the perspective of their different disciplines which range from the legal through sociology, surveillance studies and technology assessment, to computer sciences. Such issues include cutting-edge developments in the field of cloud computing, ambient intelligence and PETs, data retention, PNR-agreements, property in personal data and the right to personal identity, electronic road tolling, HIV-related information, criminal records and teenager's online conduct, to name but a few.
Dans sa contribution Serge Gutwirth introduit l’article de Jean-Pierre Marguénaud en distinguant deux façons de concevoir le droit et la personnification juridique des animaux afin de situer et ...conforter l’approche choisie par celui-ci.
Dans sa contribution Serge Gutwirth présente l’article de Bruno Latour en décrivant la question du bouleversement climatique et des discussions géopolitiques et philosophiques qu’il implique.
Theorie du droit Gutwirth, Serge; Stengers, Isabelle
Revue juridique de l'environnement,
2016, Volume:
41, Issue:
2
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Contrairement à la fable de leur tragédie autodestructrice, les commons sont portés par une entente – un gouvernement (E. Ostrom) – et le souci partagé de ne pas détruire la ressource dont chacun ...dépend. Leur disparition est donc bien une éradication liée au développement du régime de connivence entre la liberté d’entreprise des propriétaires et la souveraineté du propriétaire au carré, l’État. Si la résurgence actuelle des commons peut annoncer un changement de comportement urgent et désirable à l’ère des menaces associées au bouleversement climatique c’est parce qu’elle est porteuse de pratiques réinventant la durabilité. Mais elle se heurte frontalement aux lois et droits en vigueur, qui sont héritières de leur éradication.Dans leur article les auteurs explorent la difficulté d’articuler le droit en vigueur avec ce qu’exige la vie des commons . Que ceux-ci génèrent nécessairement le développement de droits locaux et vernaculaires est au cœur d’une tension fondamentale avec le principe de la prééminence de la loi et du droit.
When the commons put the law on test. Despite the tale of their tragedy, the commons are driven by an agreement or «government » (E. Ostrom) and the shared concern not to destroy the resource from ...which all depend. Their disappearance is the result of an eradication by the collusion of the freedom of enterprise of the owners, and the sovereignty of the owner in the square, the State. If the current resurgence of the commons can herald an urgent and needed change of behaviour it is because of the renewed sense of sustainability it expresses at the time of the threats linked to climate change. This resurgence nevertheless frontally collides with the current law which has inherited from their eradication. In this article the authors explore the obstacles against articulating the current applicable law and what is demanded by the life of the commons. Since the commons necessarily generate the development of local and vernacular law, a fundamental tension with the principle of the rule of preponderance of law comes to light.
Contrairement à la fable de leur tragédie autodestructrice, les commons
sont portés par une entente – un gouvernement (E. Ostrom) – et le souci partagé de ne pas détruire la ressource dont chacun dépend. Leur disparition est donc bien une éradication liée au développement du régime de connivence entre la liberté d’entreprise des propriétaires et la souveraineté du propriétaire au carré, l’État. Si la résurgence actuelle des commons peut annoncer un changement de comportement urgent et désirable à l’ère des menaces associées au bouleversement climatique c’est parce qu’elle est porteuse de pratiques réinventant la durabilité. Mais elle se heurte frontalement aux lois et droits en vigueur, qui sont héritières de leur éradication. Dans leur article les auteurs explorent la difficulté d’articuler le droit en vigueur avec ce qu’exige la vie des commons. Que ceux-ci génèrent nécessairement le développement de droits locaux et vernaculaires est au coeur d’une tension fondamentale avec le principe de la prééminence de la loi et du droit.
