Energy plays an essential role in economic growth. It is expected that the electricity consumption projections in Egypt will exceed electricity generation capabilities for the upcoming years. ...Therefore, this research aims to examine the determinants of electricity consumption in Egypt. In this quantitative research, the secondary data, energy consumption, gross domestic product, total population, urban population, rural population, industry value-added GDP, inflation consumer price, and final consumption expenditure have been collected from 1997 to 2018. There is a long-run causality between electricity consumption and gross domestic product. Urbanization, industry value-added GDP, inflation consumer price, final consumption expenditure, and electricity consumption show the regression analysis's short-run causality. In this, the unit root test was run to know if the data is stationary or non-stationary. Johansen co-integration and vector error correction model (VECM) also used to find the result. The results revealed that as the gross domestic product increases, the electricity consumption would also increase, and short-run causality between electricity consumption and an increase in population. This study is limited to Egypt and merely focused on energy. Future studies can use this research to investigate renewable energy consumption from the perspective of other countries.
•Egypt facing an energy crisis after 2003 and in 2012 there was the worst condition.•GDP is the most important determinant of energy consumption in Egypt.•There is a short-term causality between electricity consumption and determinants.•Egypt's urban population is increasing rapidly and triggers energy consumption.•Government needs to invest more in renewable energy instead of natural resources.
The reversal of the gender gap in education has potentially far-reaching consequences for marriage markets, family formation, and relationship outcomes. One possible consequence is the growing number ...of marriages in which wives have more education than their husbands. Past research shows that this type of union is at higher risk of dissolution. Using data on marriages formed between 1950 and 2004 in the United States, we evaluate whether this association has persisted as the prevalence of this relationship type has increased. Our results show a large shift in the association between spouses' relative education and marital dissolution. Specifically, marriages in which wives have the educational advantage were once more likely to dissolve, but this association has disappeared in more recent marriage cohorts. Another key finding is that the relative stability of marriages between educational equals has increased. These results are consistent with a shift away from rigid gender specialization toward more flexible, egalitarian partnerships, and they provide an important counterpoint to claims that progress toward gender equality in heterosexual relationships has stalled.
The concept of climate neutral has been introduced in the agricultural production system to re-examine the connotation of agricultural carbon footprint (CF). According to the integrated accounting ...framework of the agricultural CF we built, then selected a case from China, and carried out the climate economic effect quantitative analysis of the agricultural production system. The results indicated that CO
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emissions accounted the largest percentage of total carbon emissions by 52.05%, which was driven strongly by the application of agricultural fertilizers and consumption of diesel oil and CH
4
emissions (ME) from cattle fed intestinal fermentation, and the driving force behind carbon sequestration was derived from the woody cash crops of carbon sequestration by vegetation and the input of residual carbon from straw returning to field and root stubble in the soil carbon pool. The carbon sink finally realized in the agricultural production system and the agricultural CF index reflected the surplus of 1.801 Mt C in the study area. In addition, we used the indicators of carbon density, carbon intensity, and carbon efficiency to judge the trade-offs of cost-benefit between the agroecosystem and economic system, so as to put forward some potential mitigation strategies for the study area. The mitigative effect of agricultural production system on climate neutral need to be further estimated in a more rigorous manner while controlling for more uncertainties in the future.
This research examines trends in educational assortative marriage in China among first marriages from 1970 to 2000, using data from the2000 China Population Censusand the2001 Chinese Demographic ...Reproductive Health Survey. The results reveal decreasing educational homogamy rates from 1970 to 1980. However, the estimated odds of educational homogamy increase substantially between 1980 and 1995 and then grow at a slower pace in the late 1990s. Further, in urban areas, increasing rates of resemblance between spouses occur a decade earlier and at a higher level, compared to rural areas. Overall, the results indicate that senior high school graduates and college graduates in the late 1990s are less likely to marry those with less education than those in the 1970s in modern China.
Where has carbon footprint research gone? Chen, Ru; Zhang, Ruoyan; Han, Hongyun
Ecological indicators,
January 2021, 2021-01-00, 2021-01-01, Volume:
120
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Display omitted
•The research fronts and intellectual bases of carbon footprint (CF) research.•A case study of using progressive knowledge domain visualization of the CiteSpace.•The Chinese Academy ...of Sciences represented the core force of CF research.•Six emerging fronts topics in the historical evolution of CF research.•CF showed great vitality in the cross-application of agriculture and energy.
Carbon footprint (CF) stands for a professional term is widely used in the public domain to cope with the threat posed by climate change. With obtained 9848 records of literature information from the database of Web of Science, a bibliometric analysis was implemented to judge the knowledge domain structure and evolution of frontiers in CF research by using the CiteSpace to make up for the lack of previous reviews. The results showed that the CF research was concentrated in the fields of Engineering, Environmental sciences ecology, Science technology other topics, Energy fuels, Computer science and Business economics, and there is a significant cooperative relationship between researchers, especially those with a high volume of publications. The regional layout of intercontinental CF research forces was Europe, North America, and Asia, while that between countries were the United States of America, China, England, Australia and Italy, specifically, the Chinese Academy of Sciences showed the core force of CF research with a high volume of publications and strong cooperation with international institutions. The debate and application of CF accounting method, Case Studies of CF for livestock and its products production, CF estimation for the final consumption of goods and services, Impact of human food consumption on the climate change, Application of Footprint Family for sustainable development, and CF estimation for household consumption and its drivers were the emerging CF research fronts in historical evolution. Therefore, the CF research has its own characteristics in terms of spatial and temporal layout, cooperation intensity and knowledge hierarchy, and the related topics of cross-application of agriculture and energy are becoming the potential frontier of future research. This work not only provides the possible innovative directions, but also a reliable reference for the rapid and comprehensive understanding of CF research for the novices.
Since the Industrial Revolution, a new era has arisen called the Anthropocene, in which human actions have become the main driver of global environmental change outside the stable environmental state ...of the Holocene. During the Holocene, environmental change occurred naturally, and the Earth’s regulatory capacity maintained the conditions that enabled human development. Resource overexploitation of the industrial “Anthropocene”, under the principle of profit maximization, has led to planetary ecological crises, such as overloaded carbon sinks and climate changes, vanishing species, degraded ecosystems, and insufficient natural resources. Agro-based society, in which almost all demands of humans can be supported by agriculture, is characterized by life production. The substitution of Agro-based society for a post-industrial society is an evolutionary result of social movement, it is an internal requirement of a sustainable society for breaking through the resource constraint of economic growth. The core feature of agriculture is to use organisms as production objects and rely on life processes to achieve production goals. The substitution of Agro-based society for a post-industrial society is the precondition for a sustainable carbon cycle, breaking through the resource limits of the industrial “Anthropocene”, alleviating the environmental pressure of economic development, and promoting society from increasing disorderly entropy to orderly decreasing entropy. Meanwhile, technological advancements and growing environmental awareness of society make it feasible for the substitution of an agro-based society for a post-industrial society.
The prevailing informal contracts of farmland transfer in China are facing frequent disputes and defaults, which call for effective self-enforcement mechanisms operating through transactors’ ...reputations and social networks. However, the effects of reputation on contract choice and self-enforcement have not been thoroughly considered and examined by existing research in the case of farmland transfer. This study explores the reputation’s ex-ante signaling effect on farmers’ contract choices and the ex-post penalty effect on farmers’ performance in informal contracts. Based on 403 transfer contracts obtained from a field survey conducted in the Hebei province of China, we apply the multinomial logit model and Heckman probit model to perform empirical analysis. The results show that, affected by the penalty effect, farmers with good reputations are more likely to fulfill informal contracts to avoid reputation damage and the resulting loss of future trading opportunities. However, in the ex-ante stage of contract choice, a farmer’s reputation has no significant signaling effect on the formation of informal contracts. The informal contracts are chosen due to farmers’ trust in the close social network and the demand for reduced transaction costs. These findings highlight the importance of personal reputation serving as a form of relational governance in the self-enforcement of informal contracts, which provides a means of enhancing the informal contract’s effectiveness in terms of farmland transfer in the rural acquaintance society. It also provides insights into the necessity of creating a supportive environment for informal rules. Policies should encourage the building of personal reputation and establishment of good social norms to form a long-term, stable and reasonable contractual relationship for farmland transfer.
Influenced by the urban-rural energy dualism, developing rural energy is a matter of improving social equity rather than just correcting market imperfections in China. Energy transition and intensity ...growth have been two major characteristics of China's rural energy development for decades, leading to the evolution of rural energy policies. Based on 2608 provincial rural energy policies and rural energy consumption data from 1994 to 2014, this study investigates how energy policies evolve with energy transition and intensity growth in rural China. It proceeds by classifying provincial rural energy policies into five types and using the logit event history analysis model for first-time policy adoptions and the Cox model for subsequent policy adoptions. The findings are as follows: (1) energy transition has facilitated the first-time adoption of economic instruments, regulatory instruments, and supportive policy schemes, and the subsequent adoption of economic instruments and information and education policies, but hindered the subsequent adoption of supportive policy schemes; (2) energy intensity growth has promoted the first-time adoption of all policies and subsequent adoption of regulatory instruments and information and education policies; (3) energy dependence, PM2.5 concentration, carbon intensity, income, rural energy technicians, and urbanization rate significantly have influenced rural energy policy evolution. Corresponding policy implications are provided in the final section.
•China's rural energy policies evolve with energy transition and intensity growth.•Energy transition affects the first-time and subsequent adoption of rural energy policies.•Intensity growth affects the first-time and subsequent adoption of rural energy policies.•Economic, social, and environmental factors affect rural energy policy evolution.
This paper examines the impact of residential energy transition on residential energy consumption per capita (RECPC), and identifies the underlying drivers in rural China. Based on province-level ...panel data for years 1991–2014 in rural China, it is shown that energy transition from traditional biomass energy (TBE) to traditional commercial energy (TCE) significantly decreases RECPC, while energy transition from TBE or TCE to advanced commercial energy (ACE) significantly increases RECPC. As is revealed by the energy stacking model, per capita income has a significantly negative impact on RECPC, and the impact of lagged RECPC is opposite. Due to the regulation of energy price, there exists price distortion in China's rural energy market and the price mechanism functions poorly. Besides, factors, including juvenile dependency ratio and education level, significantly reduce RECPC. Therefore, it is vital to integrate rural energy into national energy strategic system, facilitate energy transition process and introduce the market system reform of rural energy and continue to improve the education level of rural residents in rural China.
•Energy transition from TBE to TCE significantly decreases RECPC.•Energy transition from TBE or TCE to ACE significantly increases RECPC.•Income has a significantly negative impact on RECPC and the lagged RECPC has an opposite impact.•Energy price regulation causes price distortion and price mechanism functions poorly.
Growing populations and rapid urbanization have put tremendous pressure on the food supply. The rural hinterland around cities is an important source of the urban food supply chain. Facing the ...constraints of China’s land stock, reasonable use of land space and optimization of agricultural crop structure is crucial to meet the food demand. Von Thünen Model, which is fronted by a 19th-century German economist, outlines a rural landscape of commercial farmers growing agricultural products for local markets while proposing basic patterns and principles of land use in agriculture. Using data from China’s OVOP (“One village, One product”), this paper analyzes the agricultural location and crop choices around two levels of cities (provincial capital cities, and county-level cities) by using Thünen’s theory. The results showed that crop density did decrease as the distance to urban increased. Crop rings are present in the vicinity of both metropolitan and county-level cities, distributed according to crop intensity. Evidence from China suggests that agricultural location and crop selection still follow the basic principles of the Thünen model. Planners and policymakers should refocus on the Von Thünen model to utilize land space and optimize agricultural production scientifically and efficiently.
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