Several non-ortho phthalate plasticizers, including ATBC, DEHA, DINCH, DOTP, and ESBO, are currently used in flexible PVC applications for food packaging and processing. The aim of this review is to ...summarize the available toxicity, migration, and human biomonitoring data. Available assessments from US CPSC, EFSA, other governmental and non-governmental organizations, and published toxicology studies were used to show that these plasticizers are generally well-studied and demonstrate low toxicity with a focus on potential carcinogenicity, reproductive, developmental, and endocrine related adverse effects as well as biodegradation, aquatic toxicity, and bioaccumulation. Seven other plasticizers, 2EHESBO, ASE, COMGHA, DBT, DEHCH, PETV, and TOTM, have at least some recent but limited food contact clearances; assessments from CPSC, EFSA, and robust summaries in the REACH dossiers were reviewed for these products. Data gaps were found for some of these; however, there were no concerns raised by the existing data, and they for now have limited use in food contact applications. Migration of ASE, COMGHA, DINCH, DOTP, DEHCH, and TOTM in simulants for aqueous and low alcohol foods ranged from <0.02 to 0.165 mg/kg, which showed they are below established migration limits and well-suited for these applications. Human biomonitoring data are available for DINCH, DOTP, DEHA, DINA, and TOTM, and are essential for determining exposure from all uses.
•ATBC, DEHA, DINCH, DOTP, and ESBO are used in food contact applications, are well-studied, and demonstrate low toxicity.•Seven other plasticizers, 2EHESBO, ASE, CMCHA, DBT, DEHCH, PETV, and TOTM, have recent but limited food contact clearances.•Assessments from CPSC, EFSA, and robust summaries in the REACH dossiers showed data gaps for some of these products; however, there were no concerns raised by the existing data.•Migration of ASE, COMGHA, DINCH, DOTP, DEHCH, and TOTM in simulants for aqueous and low alcohol foods ranged from <0.02 to 0.165 mg/kg.•Human biomonitoring data are available for DINCH, DOTP, DEHA, DINA, and TOTM, and indicate that total exposures from all sources are below regulatory thresholds.
The recent publication “Association between Urinary Metabolites and the Exposure of Intensive Care Newborns to Plasticizers of Medical Devices Used for Their Care Management” by L. Bernard et al. ...(2021) ...
As the definitive identification guide to the shrubs and woody vines of Indiana, this book also provides coverage of 90% of the species to be found in surrounding Midwestern US states. As well as ...covering indigenous species, it also includes all currently known invasive shrubs. Written by two leading experts in plant taxonomy, the guide is prepared in the same attractive, easy-to-use format as the bestselling Native Trees of the Midwest. Descriptive text explains how to identify every species in any season, and original color photographs taken by Sally Weeks detail all important characteristics. The authors provide practical guidance concerning the potential ornamental value of each species for those interested in landscaping and also evaluate their potential value for encouraging wildlife. Designed for experts in natural resource management as well as the interested general public, the volume includes distribution maps, identification keys, and an index of both common and Latin names.
Native Trees of the Midwest is a definitive guide to identifying trees in Indiana and surrounding states, written by three leading forestry experts. Descriptive text explains how to identify every ...species in any season and color photographs show all important characteristics. Not only does the book allow the user to identify trees and learn of their ecological and distributional attributes, but it also presents an evaluation of each species relative to its potential ornamental value for those interested in landscaping. Since tree species have diverse values to wildlife, an evaluation of wildlife uses is presented with a degree of detail available nowhere else. This second edition contains a chapter on introduced species that have become naturalized and invasive throughout the region. All accounts have been reviewed and modifications made when necessary to reflect changes in taxonomy, status, or wildlife uses. Keys have been modified to incorporate introduced species.
Consumers often see various “free-of” statements on labels that imply that the product is safer and more sustainable than others without such a label. The problem with these types of labels is that ...they say nothing about the ingredients a product is made with. Hazard assessment tools such as GreenScreen provide a way to determine whether potential product ingredients have sufficient data and low hazard to support their long-term use. Third party certifications and “positive” lists such as EPA SaferChoice and CleanGredients also may be useful in selecting the right materials. Use of these types of tools and methodologies allow formulators and processors, as well as retailers and consumer product makers, to make informed and responsible substitution decisions and to reduce the risk of future regulatory or customer restrictions. Examples of the use of GreenScreen and CleanGredients to evaluate plasticizers that are alternatives to widely used ortho-phthalates are presented. Some alternative plasticizers have sufficient data and low hazard to support their use in consumer and other products. Others might be accurately labeled as “phthalate-free” and might be safe for their intended uses, but insufficient data are available to support their use as alternatives to data-rich ortho-phthalates. Products such as DOTP and D9CH can be shown to be both well-studied and free of relevant hazard concerns.
Abstract Though electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) has long been utilized to treat mood disorders, it was originally developed to treat psychosis. Our two case reports demonstrate that for patients who ...experience the converse of forced normalization, ECT may be a logical therapy for their psychosis. Patient 1, a 14-year-old male, and patient 2, a 27-year-old female, each experienced debilitating psychosis, which largely cleared following one seizure and two events thought to be clinical seizures, respectively. We would argue that ECT, as a medically controlled seizure, continues to be underutilized to treat psychosis, particularly in cases of forced normalization and its converse.
Native Trees of the Midwest is a definitive guide to identifying trees in Indiana and surrounding states, written by three leading forestry experts. Descriptive text explains how to identify every ...species in any season and color photographs show all important characteristics. Not only does the book allow the user to identify trees and learn of their ecological and distributional attributes, but it also presents an evaluation of each species relative to its potential ornamental value for those interested in landscaping. Since tree species have diverse values to wildlife, an evaluation of wildlife uses is presented with a degree of detail available nowhere else. The revised and expanded second edition contains a chapter on introduced species that have become naturalized and invasive throughout the region. All accounts have been reviewed and modifications made when necessary to reflect changes in taxonomy, status, or wildlife uses. Keys have been modified to incorporate introduced species.
The abiding interest in Plato's views about the education of human beings (paideia) has resulted in a vast, meticulous, and penetrating body of secondary literature. Most commentators, however, have ...chosen to participate in the traditional discussions of education's end, the modes of learning, and the methods of correct training. The author of the present dissertation significantly departs from this trend in order to explain what Socrates might mean by the proposition offered in Meno that successful education is like a gift from the gods. Instead of concentrating on the ultimate end of education, the author outlines an argument in the first chapter for a mediate political goal of education, namely, the formation of competent citizens. In the second chapter he presents a set of necessary but not sufficient conditions to reach this aim and subsequently explains why even when all the necessary conditions are satisfied they may still lead to a failure. This approach reveals an implicit logic of education in the works of Plato. The author explores several questions raised in the first two chapters and draws some interesting conclusions in the third. Education, according to Plato, is a project circumscribed by a bewildering, although often at least partially predictable, set of contingencies that both foster and impede its progress. Knowledge of these fundamental facts, as well as the specific sorts of conditions and circumstances that regularly come into play, is required by those who embark on the project of constructing a system of education that forecasts an acceptable rate of success, while at the same time recognizing, and accepting, that failures will occur. Furthermore, since correct education is a requirement for a good city, the politician must also understand its inherent limitations, and correspondingly, the subsequent effects on the well-being of the city. This knowledge plays an important part in the rhetorical and practical efforts of both the educator and the politician, who are required to persuade their listeners about the necessity and constitution of a good educational system, give reasons why imperfection is inevitable, and anticipate and manage contingencies.
While cytological studies have shown that the interphase nucleus is highly ordered, its functional purpose has yet to be clearly determined. One possible means to understand the function of nuclear ...architecture is to perturb it and track the consequences with a functional readout in precisely the same cells one examines for changes in nuclear architecture. The proper study of nuclear structure also requires placing nuclear events in their proper cellular and developmental context while limiting as much as possible any damage caused by experimental treatments. This dissertation combines previously incompatible methods for examining gene expression and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) while preserving as much native tissue structure as possible. This study utilizes chromosome rearrangements that exhibit position-effect variegation (PEV) to perturb nuclear structure. FISH probes are used to track the interactions between variegating chromosomal loci and heterochromatin. The expression of variegating genes are assayed either by immunofluorescence to proteins expressed by the variegating genes or by presence of pigments in the adult Drosophila eye. The first chapter describes the methodology required to perform these experiments as well as a new approach to image segmentation that identifies and models densely packed nuclei from three-dimensional images. The second chapter presents the direct, cell-by-cell correlation between the silencing of a gene and its interaction with heterochromatin. Silenced genes are far more likely to interact with heterochromatin than expressing genes, and expressed genes rarely interact with heterochromatin. The developmental and cell cycle context of interactions between a variegating chromosomal locus and heterochromatin are also presented. The appendix contains results of collaborative work on how organisms exploit the strong silencing effects of heterochromatin to prevent mis-expression of specific genes involved in murine immune cell fate determination.
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