Patents are valuable intellectual property only when granted by the governments, and failing to receive an official grant means disclosing valuable technologies and information, which otherwise would ...be kept as commercial secrets. Yet, a typical patent application process takes years to complete and the outcome is uncertain. This study implements machine learning models to predict patent examination outcomes based on early information disclosed at patent publication and interpret the mechanism of how these models make predictions, highlighting the key determinants to patent grant and delineating the relationships between the patent features and the examination outcome. The predictive models that integrate patent-level variables with textual information accomplish the best prediction performances with a 0.854 ROC-AUC score and 77% accuracy rate. A number of interpretable machine learning methods are applied. The permutation-based feature importance metric identifies key determinants such as applicants’ prior experience, page length, backward citation, claim counts, number of patent family, etc. SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations), a local interpretability method, describes the marginal contributions to the model prediction of key predictors using two actual patent examples. Our study provides several valuable findings with important theoretical insights and practical applications. Specifically, we show that patent-level information can serve as a predictor of examination outcomes and the relationships between the predictors and outcome variables are complex. Knowledge accumulation and technology complexity positively affect the likelihood of patent grants, albeit with a curvilinear relationship. At lower levels, both factors significantly increase the chance of a grant, but beyond a certain threshold, the marginal effect becomes less pronounced. Additionally, prior experience, patent family size, and engagement with the patent agency have a monotonic and positive relationship with the grant likelihood, whereas the impact of patent scope on patent grants remains uncertain. While a narrower and more specific patent claim is associated with a higher grant rate, the number of claims increases it. Moreover, technology range, inventor team size, and examination duration have little effect on the patent grant results. From a practical standpoint, the accurate prediction of patent grants has significant potential applications. For instance, it could help firms better prioritize resources on the patent applications of high grant potentials to secure the final grant, as failure means a waste of R &D effort and disclosure of technology without IP protection. Additionally, patent examiners could utilize our predictive results as prior knowledge to enhance their judgment and accelerate the examination process.
Summary
Aquafaba, the viscous liquid recovered from canned chickpeas, was used as egg replacer for the development of vegan mayonnaise. The textural, microstructural and physicochemical properties of ...mayonnaise were determined during cold storage to optimise the aquafaba‐to‐oil ratio (A/O) of the formulation (15%–25%/80%–70%). Aquafaba was capable to form a stable emulsion with an average value of droplet size distribution below 4 μm. The physical stability determined by the Turbiscan Stability Index (TSI) was unaffected by the A/O ratio during 21 days of storage at 4 °C. The lowest droplet size distribution was obtained for samples with a low A/O ratio (15/80%). Firmness, adhesive force and adhesiveness decreased (P < 0.05) with increasing the A/O ratio, whereas consistency remained unaffected. The oxidative stability of the oil phase was similar for all formulations and remained unaffected during storage. Aquafaba can be used effectively to replace egg in mayonnaise formulations containing oil at standard levels.
The development of vegan mayonnaise from secondary products of food processing and its benefits.
Z.-H. Sun (2014) proved a symmetric congruence∑k=0p−1(αk)(−1−αk)fk≡(−1)〈α〉p∑k=0p−1(αk)(−1−αk)fˆk(modp2), where p is an odd prime, α∈Q is p-integral, 〈α〉p is the least non-negative residue of α modulo ...p and fˆk=∑j=0k(−1)j(kj)fj. This congruence implies several supercongruences of Rodriguez-Villegas. In this paper, we give a q-analogue of this congruence and prove some symmetric q-congruences, which also confirm two conjectures of Guo and Zeng (2014).
Most patients with triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) do not respond to anti-PD1/PDL1 immunotherapy, indicating the necessity to explore immune checkpoint targets. B7H3 is a highly glycosylated ...protein. However, the mechanisms of B7H3 glycosylation regulation and whether the sugar moiety contributes to immunosuppression are unclear. Here, we identify aberrant B7H3 glycosylation and show that N-glycosylation of B7H3 at NXT motif sites is responsible for its protein stability and immunosuppression in TNBC tumors. The fucosyltransferase FUT8 catalyzes B7H3 core fucosylation at N-glycans to maintain its high expression. Knockdown of FUT8 rescues glycosylated B7H3-mediated immunosuppressive function in TNBC cells. Abnormal B7H3 glycosylation mediated by FUT8 overexpression can be physiologically important and clinically relevant in patients with TNBC. Notably, the combination of core fucosylation inhibitor 2F-Fuc and anti-PDL1 results in enhanced therapeutic efficacy in B7H3-positive TNBC tumors. These findings suggest that targeting the FUT8-B7H3 axis might be a promising strategy for improving anti-tumor immune responses in patients with TNBC.
Aromatic 5,5‐sigmatropic rearrangement is an appealing protocol for accessing 1,4‐substituted arenes. However, such a protocol has not been well utilized in organic synthesis because of the ...difficulties in the synthesis of the substrates, selectivity issues, and limited substrate scope. Described herein is a new 5,5‐sigmatropic reaction utilizing readily available aryl sulfoxides and allyl nitriles. This reaction features mild reaction conditions, high chemo‐ and regioselectivity, excellent functional‐group compatibility, and broad substrate scope. Computational studies suggest that the success of the reaction can be attributed to the selective electrophilic assembly of the rearrangement precursors, in which a linear ‐C=C=N‐ linkage favors 5,5‐sigmatropic rearrangement over the competitive 3,3‐sigmatropic rearrangement.
High five: A new aromatic 5,5‐sigmatropic rearrangement reaction has been achieved by simply treating a mixture of an aryl sulfoxide and allyl nitrile with Tf2O (Tf=trifluoromethanesulfonyl) and DABCO (1,4‐diazabicyclo2.2.2octane). The reaction features high chemo‐ and regioselectivity, which can be a challenge for conventional 5,5‐sigmatropic rearrangement reactions.
For air maneuvering targets, the higher order components in the translational motion can induce severe range shifts and phase errors. They can deteriorate the performance of translational motion ...compensation (TMC) in the inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) imaging process. In addition, for weak targets, low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) can also severely affect the accuracy of TMC. In this letter, a novel TMC method for ISAR imaging of air maneuvering weak targets based on CV-GRUNet is proposed. First, leveraging the noise robustness and capability to handle time series of the gated recurrent unit (GRU), it is extended to the complex domain to construct CV-GRU. CV-GRU can effectively extract the features of range shifts and higher order phase errors. Subsequently, CV-GRUNet is constructed to obtain the compensation function. Finally, TMC can be achieved using the compensation function, resulting in well-focused ISAR images. Compared with existing methods, the proposed method can achieve accurate TMC for ISAR imaging of maneuvering weak targets. The compensation accuracy of the simulated target has reached 1/20 of the wavelength. Simulated and real data results verify the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed method.
An oil-in-water emulsion stabilized with goat milk proteins was subjected to processing from lactic acid bacteria fermentation and the effects on emulsion microstructure and droplet characteristics ...were investigated. Optical microscopy and Turbiscan analyses were used to monitor the microstructure and droplet size during the fermentation. pH-driven effects led to milk protein conformational changes as indicated by the determination of total thiol groups and affected the protein interfacial composition. This phenomenon coincided (pH<5.5, T>37.9 °C) with the increase in average droplet size, which was attributed to flocculation phenomena due to reduced electrostatic repulsion. Casein solubility was enhanced during the initial stages of fermentation (1 h - 3 h) and was precipitated at pH < 4.8. LC-MS/MS analysis confirmed that caseins (αs1-, αs2-, β- and κ-casein) were the dominant protein species at oil-water interface at the end of the fermentation process and contributed to the stability of the emulsion by reducing the droplet diameter (1.24 μm).
•Oil-in-water emulsions made with goat milk were fermented with lactic-acid bacteria.•The oil droplet size was reduced after the fermentation (1.41 ± 0.02μm-1.24 ± 0.03 μm).•Caseins were the dominant protein species at the interface at the end of processing.•pH may induce conformational changes of goat milk proteins during fermentation.
The Doppler frequency of the echo signal exhibits time-varying and high-order characteristics due to the high-speed relative motion between the satellites in spaceborne inverse synthetic aperture ...radar (ISAR) imaging of space target, even during a short coherent processing interval (such as 1 s). Therefore, the selection of the optimal imaging time interval (OITI) is crucial to obtain a well-focused image. The existing methods do not consider the fact that the OITIs of scatterers on the target can also vary significantly. In this letter, an OITI selection method for spaceborne ISAR imaging of space targets based on the time-frequency analysis is proposed. First, the differences in optimal imaging instants (OIIs) of scatterers are analyzed. Then, based on the combination of the Margenau-Hill-spectrogram (MHS) and the S-method, the time-frequency curves can be obtained after extracting the time-frequency ridge and polynomial fitting. The OII of the entire target can be estimated after eliminating the differences in the OIIs by multiplying the constructed third-order phase terms with the signal. Finally, a more suitable OITI can be obtained because of the elimination of the differences in the OIIs. The effectiveness and advancement of the proposed method are verified by simulation and real data results.
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