Solution-processed In2O3 thin-film transistors (TFTs) were fabricated by a spin-coating process using a metal halide precursor, InCl3, dissolved in acetonitrile. A thin and uniform film can be ...controlled and formed by adding ethylene glycol. The synthesized In2O3 thin films were annealed at various temperatures ranging from 200 to 600 °C in air or in an O2/O3 atmospheric environment. The TFTs annealed at 500 °C under air exhibited a high field-effect mobility of 55.26 cm2 V−1 s−1 and an I on/I off current ratio of 107. In2O3 TFTs annealed under an O2/O3 atmosphere at temperatures from 200 to 300 °C exhibited excellent n-type transistor behaviors with field-effect mobilities of 0.85−22.14 cm2 V−1 s−1 and I on/I off ratios of 105−106. The annealing atmosphere of O2/O3 elevates solution-processed In2O3 TFTs to higher performance at lower processing temperature.
ABSTRACT
Here, we define dynamic reciprocity (DR) as an ongoing, bidirectional interaction among cells and their surrounding microenvironment. In this review, we posit that DR is especially ...meaningful during wound healing as the DR‐driven biochemical, biophysical, and cellular responses to injury play pivotal roles in regulating tissue regenerative responses. Such cell–extracellular matrix interactions not only guide and regulate cellular morphology, but also cellular differentiation, migration, proliferation, and survival during tissue development, including, e.g., embryogenesis, angiogenesis, as well as during pathologic processes including cancer, diabetes, hypertension, and chronic wound healing. Herein, we examine DR within the wound microenvironment while considering specific examples across acute and chronic wound healing. This review also considers how a number of hypotheses that attempt to explain chronic wound pathophysiology may be understood within the DR framework. The implications of applying the principles of DR to optimize wound care practice and future development of innovative wound healing therapeutics are also briefly considered.
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•Method to integrate sensors directly on catheter is demonstrated.•Fully transparent field-effect devices fabricated directly on glass tubes.•Field-effect amorphous indium gallium ...zinc oxide functionalized to monitor glucose.•Glucose sensors with high sensitivity and stability demonstrated.
Fully transparent electronics are of increasing interest for biological applications, where the combination of sensing and imaging can potentially improve patient healthcare diagnostics. Herein, we report high-performance, fully-transparent amorphous In-Ga-Zn-O field-effect transistor (a-IGZO FET) based biosensors fabricated directly on highly-curved glass substrates. The a-IGZO channel and indium tin oxide electrodes were patterned directly on glass tubes (1.0 mm radius) by microcontact printing self-assembled monolayers and etching the metal oxide films. This approach led to a-IGZO FETs with excellent electronic performance, with high on/off drain current ∼1.3 × 106, high average electron mobility > 7.4 cm2/Vs, low on/off hysteresis ∼0.6, V and low gate leakage current ∼10−10 A. The back-channel of the a-IGZO FETs were functionalized with glucose oxidase to make fully transparent biosensors with very high sensitivity to glucose. We have determined that the glucose limit of detection is 170 μM. These results provide insight into new methods for fabricating a-IGZO FETs and a-IGZO FET biosensors on non-planar substrates, and may open a range of new applications, including transparent sensing catheters, flexible active transparent electrode sensing arrays, and integration of FET based biosensors on optical fibers.
In this study, microwaves and chemical modulators were used in combination to improve the uniformity of synthesized MOF-74(Ni) materials. A segmented flow, microwave-assisted reactor was used where ...rapid nucleation in the microwave zone was separated from growth processes in an oil bath. High temperatures in the microwave zone induce fast nucleation, which can result in the formation of polydisperse products through agglomeration that reduces the available surface area. Benzoic acid was used as a chemical modulator where higher benzoic acid to Ni2+ concentration ratios resulted in a substantial increase in apparent reaction activation energies for short reaction times (∼1 s). Optimization of the synthetic process resulted in MOF-74(Ni) particles with high crystallinity, high surface area, and narrow particle size distributions. These synthesized MOF-74(Ni) particles were used to prepare metal–organic framework-Nafion matrix based membranes to investigate the removal of metal ions from aqueous solutions with high efficiencies.
Three organotin carboxylate species stabilized by the same ligands, but varying in size and structure, were studied to elucidate the effects of the structure on reactivity in the context of ...direct-write electron beam patterning. The chemical reactions that occur between the organotin reagents and the electron beam, the patterned film products, and the ligand decomposition and desorption byproducts were compared across all species. We found that both the metal–oxo content and the ligand coordination mode of each organotin reagent affected the reaction efficiency during electron beam patterning. In each case, an insoluble metal–oxo product formed after irradiation, but the composition, structure, and surface morphology of the products were nearly indistinguishable from the initial films. Examining the byproducts of the irradiation chemistry using electron-stimulated desorption confirmed that many of the organic ligands remained in the film during the reaction, likely crosslinking the clusters together to form a metal–oxo polymer product. Finally, we discuss the implications of the chemical transformations that occur during patterning for the use of these organotin reagents as both photoresists for lithography and direct-write functional nanomaterials.
Organotin photoresists have shown promise for next-generation lithography because of their high extreme ultraviolet (EUV) absorption cross sections, their radiation sensitive chemistries, and their ...ability to enable high-resolution patterning. To better understand both temperature- and radiation-induced reaction mechanisms, we have studied a model EUV photoresist, which consists of a charge-neutral butyl–tin cluster. Temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) showed very little outgassing of the butyl–tin resist in ultrahigh vacuum and excellent thermal stability of the butyl groups. TPD results indicated that decomposition of the butyl–tin resist was first order with a fairly constant decomposition energy between 2.4 and 3.0 eV, which was determined by butyl group desorption. Electron-stimulated desorption (ESD) showed that butyl groups were the primary decomposition product for electron kinetic energies expected during EUV exposures. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was performed before and after low-energy electron exposure to evaluate the compositional and chemical changes in the butyl–tin resists after interaction with radiation. The effect of molecular oxygen during ESD experiments was evaluated, and it was found to enhance butyl group desorption during exposure and resulted in a significant increase in the ESD cross section by over 20%. These results provide mechanistic information that can be applied to organotin EUV photoresists, where a significant increase in photoresist sensitivity may be obtained by varying the ambient conditions during EUV exposures.
A strategy for enhancing the photocatalytic performance of MOF-based systems (MOF: metal–organic framework) is developed through the construction of MOF/MOF heterojunctions. The combination of ...MIL-167 with MIL-125-NH2 leads to the formation of MIL-167/MIL-125-NH2 heterojunctions with improved optoelectronic properties and efficient charge separation. MIL-167/MIL-125-NH2 outperforms its single components MIL-167 and MIL-125-NH2, in terms of photocatalytic H2 production (455 versus 0.8 and 51.2 μmol h–1 g–1, respectively), under visible-light irradiation, without the use of any cocatalysts. This is attributed to the appropriate band alignment of these MOFs, the enhanced visible-light absorption, and long charge separation within MIL-167/MIL-125-NH2. Our findings contribute to the discovery of novel MOF-based photocatalytic systems that can harvest solar energy and exhibit high catalytic activities in the absence of cocatalysts.
Recent advances in glucose sensing have focused on the integration of sensors into contact lenses to allow noninvasive continuous glucose monitoring. Current technologies focus primarily on ...enzyme-based electrochemical sensing which requires multiple nontransparent electrodes to be integrated. Herein, we leverage amorphous indium gallium zinc oxide (IGZO) field-effect transistors (FETs), which have found use in a wide range of display applications and can be made fully transparent. Bottom-gated IGZO-FETs can have significant changes in electrical characteristics when the back-channel is exposed to different environments. We have functionalized the back-channel of IGZO-FETs with aminosilane groups that are cross-linked to glucose oxidase and have demonstrated that these devices have high sensitivity to changes in glucose concentrations. Glucose sensing occurs through the decrease in pH during glucose oxidation, which modulates the positive charge of the aminosilane groups attached to the IGZO surface. The change in charge affects the number of acceptor-like surface states which can deplete electron density in the n-type IGZO semiconductor. Increasing glucose concentrations leads to an increase in acceptor states and a decrease in drain-source conductance due to a positive shift in the turn-on voltage. The functionalized IGZO-FET devices are effective in minimizing detection of interfering compounds including acetaminophen and ascorbic acid. These studies suggest that IGZO FETs can be effective for monitoring glucose concentrations in a variety of environments, including those where fully transparent sensing elements may be of interest.
Amorphous indium gallium zinc oxide (IGZO) field effect transistors (FETs) are a promising technology for a wide range of electronic applications. Herein, we fabricated and characterized FETs with a ...nanostructured IGZO network as a sensing transducer. The IGZO was patterned using colloidal lithography and electrohydrodynamic printing, where an 8 μm wide nanostructured close-packed hexagonal IGZO network was obtained. Electrical characterization of the nanostructured IGZO network FET demonstrated a drain-source current on-off ratio of 6.1 × 10
3
and effective electron mobilities of 3.6 cm
2
V
−1
s
−1
. The nanostructured IGZO network was functionalized by aminosilane groups with cross-linked glucose oxidase. The devices demonstrated a decrease in drain-source conductance and a more positive
V
ON
with increasing glucose concentration. These changes are ascribed to the acceptor-like surface states associated with positively charged aminosilane groups attached to the nanostructured IGZO surface. Continuous monitoring of the drain-source current indicates a stepwise and fully reversible response to glucose concentrations with a short response time. The specific catalytic reaction between the GOx enzyme and glucose eliminates interference from acetaminophen/ascorbic acid. We demonstrate that nanostructured IGZO FETs have improved sensitivity compared to non-nanostructured IGZO for sensing glucose and can be potentially extended to other biosensor technologies.
Amorphous indium gallium oxide (IGZO) field effect transistors (FETs) are a promising technology for a wide range of biosensing applications.
The establishment of young organisms in harsh environments often requires a window of opportunity (WoO). That is, a short time window in which environmental conditions drop long enough below the ...hostile average level, giving the organism time to develop tolerance and transition into stable existence. It has been suggested that this kind of establishment dynamics is a noise-induced transition between two alternate states. Understanding how temporal variability (i.e. noise) in environmental conditions affects establishment of organisms is therefore key, yet not well understood or included explicitly in the WoO framework. In this paper, we develop a coherent theoretical framework for understanding when the WoO open or close based on simple dichotomous environmental variation. We reveal that understanding of the intrinsic timescales of both the developing organism and the environment is fundamental to predict if organisms can or cannot establish. These insights have allowed us to develop statistical laws for predicting establishment probabilities based on the period and variance of the fluctuations in naturally variable environments. Based on this framework, we now get a clear understanding of how changes in the timing and magnitude of climate variability or management can mediate establishment chances.
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