With overwhelming progress in the field of electronic technology, self-healable hydrogel electrolyte-based supercapacitors are of significant interest as a power source in wearable energy storage ...devices. Self-healable hydrogel with unique three-dimensional porous microstructure, unprecedented self-healing, high capacitive energy density, low power density has been synthesized by in situ polymerization of acrylamide in the presence of exfoliated sodium montmorillonite (Na-MMT) clay as non-covalent cross-linker. Furthermore, addition of lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate (LiTF) salt converted the hydrogel into electrolyte for use in supercapacitor. Hydrogel electrolytes were prepared containing 10, 20, 30, and 40 wt% salt (AAM1, AAM2, AAM3, and AAM4), respectively. Acrylamide, clay and salt interactions were explored by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and energy dispersive x-ray analysis (EDX). X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis reveals amorphous nature whereas FTIR and transference number measurements prove the complexation and presence of ionic species in the hydrogel electrolytes. Ionic conductivity and transport studies for hydrogel electrolyte containing 30 wt% of LiTF showed maximum ionic conductivity of 9.34 × 10−3 S/cm and number density of 70.7 × 10 20 cm−3, diffusion coefficient of 2.16 × 10 −9 cm2/s, ionic mobility of 0.854 × 10−7 cm2/V.s among all the synthesized hydrogel electrolytes. The electrochemical performance of the fabricated device disclosed the maximum significant specific capacitance of 102 F/g at 3 mV/s and 157 F/g at 50 mA/g along with power density of 50 W/kg and energy density of 21.59 W h/Kg, respectively for hydrogel electrolyte (AAM3) containing 30 wt% of the LiTF. Self-healing properties of hydrogel electrolyte have been confirmed by its use in supercapacitor where it retained its self-healing properties. The self-healable supercapacitor was used to light up 2 V light emitting diode (LED). Hence, investigations suggest the potential application of the hydrogel electrolytes with 30 wt% LiTF in the supercapacitors.
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•Synthesis of self-healable and flexible poly (acrylamide) hydrogel electrolytes.•Deconvolution of FTIR spectra to find out free ions and contact ions.•Crystallite size and % crystallinity measurements through XRD.•Fabrication of self-healable supercapacitor device to power up light emitting diode.
Forensic science disciplines such as latent print examination, bullet and cartridge case comparisons, and shoeprint analysis, involve subjective decisions by forensic experts throughout the ...examination process. Most of the decisions involve ordinal categories. Examples include a three-category outcome for latent print comparisons (exclusion, inconclusive, identification) and a seven-category outcome for footwear comparisons (exclusion, indications of non-association, inconclusive, limited association of class characteristics, association of class characteristics, high degree of association, identification). As the results of the forensic examinations of evidence can heavily influence the outcomes of court proceedings, it is important to assess the reliability and accuracy of the underlying decisions. "Black box" studies are the most common approach for assessing the reliability and accuracy of subjective decisions. In these studies, researchers produce evidence samples consisting of a sample of questioned source and a sample of known source where the ground truth (same source or different source) is known. Examiners provide assessments for selected samples using the same approach they would use in actual casework. These studies often have two phases; the first phase comprises of decisions on samples of varying complexities by different examiners, and the second phase involves repeated decisions by the same examiner on a (usually) small subset of samples that were encountered by examiners in the first phase. We provide a statistical method to analyze ordinal decisions from black-box trials with the objective of obtaining inferences for the reliability of these decisions and quantifying the variation in decisions attributable to the examiners, the samples, and statistical interaction effects between examiners and samples. We present simulation studies to judge the performance of the model on data with known parameter values and apply the model to data from a handwritten signature complexity study, a latent fingerprint examination black-box study, and a handwriting comparisons black-box study.
Abstract
Optical elastography is undergoing extensive development as an imaging tool to map mechanical contrast in tissue. Here, we present a new platform for optical elastography by generating ...sub-millimetre-scale mechanical contrast from a simple digital camera. This cost-effective, compact and easy-to-implement approach opens the possibility to greatly expand applications of optical elastography both within and beyond the field of medical imaging. Camera-based optical palpation (CBOP) utilises a digital camera to acquire photographs that quantify the light intensity transmitted through a silicone layer comprising a dense distribution of micro-pores (diameter, 30–100 µm). As the transmission of light through the micro-pores increases with compression, we deduce strain in the layer directly from intensity in the digital photograph. By pre-characterising the relationship between stress and strain of the layer, the measured strain map can be converted to an optical palpogram, a map of stress that visualises mechanical contrast in the sample. We demonstrate a spatial resolution as high as 290 µm in CBOP, comparable to that achieved using an optical coherence tomography-based implementation of optical palpation. In this paper, we describe the fabrication of the micro-porous layer and present experimental results from structured phantoms containing stiff inclusions as small as 0.5 × 0.5 × 1 mm. In each case, we demonstrate high contrast between the inclusion and the base material and validate both the contrast and spatial resolution achieved using finite element modelling. By performing CBOP on freshly excised human breast tissue, we demonstrate the capability to delineate tumour from surrounding benign tissue.
To solve fractional delay differential equation systems, the Laguerre Wavelets Method (LWM) is presented and coupled with the steps method in this article. Caputo fractional derivative is used in the ...proposed technique. The results show that the current procedure is accurate and reliable. Different nonlinear systems have been solved, and the results have been compared to the exact solution and different methods. Furthermore, it is clear from the figures that the LWM error converges quickly when compared to other approaches. When compared with the exact solution to other approaches, it is clear that LWM is more accurate and gets closer to the exact solution faster. Moreover, on the basis of the novelty and scientific importance, the present method can be extended to solve other nonlinear fractional-order delay differential equations.
In this paper, we investigate the fractional-order Klein–Fock–Gordon equations on quantum dynamics using a new iterative method and residual power series method based on the Caputo operator. The ...fractional-order Klein–Fock–Gordon equation is a generalization of the traditional Klein–Fock–Gordon equation that allows for non-integer orders of differentiation. This equation has been used in the study of quantum dynamics to model the behavior of particles with fractional spin. The Laplace transform is employed to transform the equations into a simpler form, and the resulting equations are then solved using the proposed methods. The accuracy and efficiency of the method are demonstrated through numerical simulations, which show that the method is superior to existing numerical methods in terms of accuracy and computational time. The proposed method is applicable to a wide range of fractional-order differential equations, and it is expected to find applications in various areas of science and engineering.
Breast-conserving surgery (BCS) is commonly used for the treatment of early-stage breast cancer. Following BCS, approximately 20% to 30% of patients require reexcision because postoperative ...histopathology identifies cancer in the surgical margins of the excised specimen. Quantitative micro-elastography (QME) is an imaging technique that maps microscale tissue stiffness and has demonstrated a high diagnostic accuracy (96%) in detecting cancer in specimens excised during surgery. However, current QME methods, in common with most proposed intraoperative solutions, cannot image cancer directly in the patient, making their translation to clinical use challenging. In this proof-of-concept study, we aimed to determine whether a handheld QME probe, designed to interrogate the surgical cavity, can detect residual cancer directly in the breast cavity in vivo during BCS. In a first-in-human study, 21 BCS patients were scanned in vivo with the QME probe by five surgeons. For validation, protocols were developed to coregister in vivo QME with postoperative histopathology of the resected tissue to assess the capability of QME to identify residual cancer. In four cavity aspects presenting cancer and 21 cavity aspects presenting benign tissue, QME detected elevated stiffness in all four cancer cases, in contrast to low stiffness observed in 19 of the 21 benign cases. The results indicate that in vivo QME can identify residual cancer by directly imaging the surgical cavity, potentially providing a reliable intraoperative solution that can enable more complete cancer excision during BCS.
Optical imaging of microscale tissue stiffness enables the detection of residual breast cancer directly in the surgical cavity during breast-conserving surgery, which could potentially contribute to more complete cancer excision.
This study addresses a nonlinear fractional Drinfeld–Sokolov–Wilson problem in dispersive water waves, which requires appropriate numerical techniques to obtain an approximative solution. The Adomian ...decomposition approach, the homotopy perturbation method, and Sumudu transform are combined to tackle the problem. The Caputo manner is used to describe fractional derivative, and He’s polynomials and Adomian polynomials are employed to address nonlinearity. By following these approaches, we obtain solutions in the form of convergent series. We verify and demonstrate the effectiveness of our suggested strategies by examining the assumed model in terms of fractional order. We use plots for various fractional orders to represent the physical behavior of the suggested technique solutions, and show a numerical simulation. The results demonstrate that the suggested algorithms are systematic, simple to use, effective, and accurate in analyzing the behavior of coupled nonlinear differential equations of fractional order in related scientific and engineering fields.
Linearization criteria for two-dimensional systems of second-order ordinary differential equations (ODEs) have been derived earlier using complex symmetry analysis. For such systems, the linearizable ...form, linearization criteria and symmetry group classification are presented. In this paper, we extend the complex approach to obtain a complex-linearizable form of two-dimensional systems of third-order ODEs. This form leads to a linearizable class and linearization criteria of these systems of ODEs.
The present research correlates with a fuzzy hybrid approach merged with a new iterative transform method known as the fuzzy new iterative transform method. With the help of Atangana-Baleanu under ...generalized Hukuhara differentiability, we show that this system works well by getting fractional fuzzy Cauchy reaction-diffusion equations with the initial fuzzy condition. Fractional Cauchy reaction-diffusion equations play a significant role in diffusion, and instabilities can lead to formation and stabilization. The suggested technique looks at fuzzy set theory to figure out how to solve the fuzzy Cauchy reaction-diffusion equations. In this way, the components can be quickly defined and a couple of numerical solutions with the uncertainty parameter can be found. Several numerical instances are looked at to show how effective and valuable the proposed technique is to see if the given problem will come to a solution. The simulation results show that the fuzzy new iterative transform method is an excellent way to study a proposed model’s behaviour precisely and accurately.
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