The fast development of smart sensors and wearable devices has provided the opportunity to develop intelligent operator workspaces. The resultant Human-Cyber-Physical Systems (H-CPS) integrate the ...operators into flexible and multi-purpose manufacturing processes. The primary enabling factor of the resultant Operator 4.0 paradigm is the integration of advanced sensor and actuator technologies and communications solutions. This work provides an extensive overview of these technologies and highlights that the design of future workplaces should be based on the concept of intelligent space.
This article provides a review about how uncertainties in increasingly complex production and supply chains should be addressed in scheduling tasks. Uncertainty management will be particularly ...important in Industry 5.0 solutions that will require the close integration of operators and technical systems. To prepare for these challenging developments, this work reviews the sources of uncertainty and the scheduling algorithms that deal with the different types of models developed to handle the uncertain nature of the elements and the environment of complex technological systems. The paper not only identifies the challenges, but also the main building blocks that can help to manage and reduce uncertainties based on the I4.0 and I5.0 solutions. We hope that this study will serve as a starting point for R&D projects and algorithm developments, which will be needed primarily in the field of multi-agent, multistage and inverse optimizations.
Storage planning and utilization are among the most important considerations of practical batch process scheduling. Modeling the available storage options appropriately can be crucial in order to ...find practically applicable solutions with the best objective value. In general, there are two main limitations on storage: capacity and time. This paper focuses on the latter and investigates different techniques to tackle limited storage time within the S-graph framework. The S-graph framework is a collection of combinatorial algorithms and a directed graph based model that has been introduced three decades ago and has been under development ever since. In this work, several options for addressing storage time limitations within the framework were implemented and tested for efficiency. The empirical results over a huge number of tests have unequivocally favored one of the approaches, which will be applied in later developments.
The Fourth Industrial Revolution means the digital transformation of production systems. Cyber-physical systems allow for the horizontal and vertical integration of these production systems as well ...as the exploitation of the benefits via optimization tools. This article reviews the impact of Industry 4.0 solutions concerning optimization tasks and optimization algorithms, in addition to the identification of the new R&D directions driven by new application options. The basic organizing principle of this overview of the literature is to explore the requirements of optimization tasks, which are needed to perform horizontal and vertical integration. This systematic review presents content from 900 articles on Industry 4.0 and optimization as well as 388 articles on Industry 4.0 and scheduling. It is our hope that this work can serve as a starting point for researchers and developers in the field.
Nowadays the successful operation of a company is unimaginable without fast and reliable communication. As a result, so-called Communication Service Providers play an important role in today’s ...business life. Their orders have to be carried out promptly and dependably, let them be requests for new installations, modifications, or maintenance tasks. These orders have to be performed at different locations and they often have deadlines or strict starting times. Violating such a timing requirement usually implies penalties. In this paper, scheduling problems arising at a Hungarian service provider are examined. At this company, orders are decomposed into smaller tasks, which can be performed by specially trained personnel. Transportation of these specialists contributes a lot to the costs and to the complexity of their scheduling, as well. The goal is to minimize the overall cost of satisfying all orders within the given time horizon with the available assets of the company. The proposed approach relies on the S-graph framework, which has been applied to various production scheduling problems in the literature. In addition to an unambiguous and sound S-graph model of the examined problem, slight modifications of the scheduling algorithms for cost minimization, and new bounding methods have been developed. Several of such bounds have been provided and tested for performance and scalability over a large number of generated examples. The sensitivity of the approach for certain problem features has also been examined.
•Trends in Industry 4.0 (I4.0) are influencing the development of manufacturing execution systems.•I4.0-related requirements of MES functionalities are determined.•MESs should interconnect all ...components of cyber-physical systems.•Formal models and ontologies will play essential role in I4.0 systems.•The overview can serve as a guide for engineers as well as for researchers.
This work presents how recent trends in Industry 4.0 (I4.0) solutions are influencing the development of manufacturing execution systems (MESs) and analyzes what kinds of trends will determine the development of the next generation of these technologies. This systematic and thematic review provides a detailed analysis of I4.0-related requirements in terms of MES functionalities and an overview of MES development methods and standards because these three aspects are essential in developing MESs. The analysis highlights that MESs should interconnect all components of cyber-physical systems in a seamless, secure, and trustworthy manner to enable high-level automated smart solutions and that semantic metadata can provide contextual information to support interoperability and modular development. The observed trends show that formal models and ontologies will play an even more essential role in I4.0 systems as interoperability becomes more of a focus and that the new generation of linkable data sources should be based on semantically enriched information. The presented overview can serve as a guide for engineers interested in the development of MESs as well as for researchers interested in finding worthwhile areas of research.
Manufacturing processes are often disrupted by unexpected events, such as machine breakdowns, raw material shortages, and the arrival of new orders. Effectively managing these uncertainties is ...crucial for maintaining the feasibility and optimality of the production system. The efficiency of a manufacturing system is heavily dependent on the optimality of its scheduling plan. In this study, we present a reactive scheduling approach based on the S-graph framework. The proposed method is specifically designed to handle the arrival of new jobs and generate schedules with the shortest makespan, i.e., the minimum total completion time. Whenever a new order is received, the method dynamically adjusts the production plan through rescheduling. Three distinct scheduling policies are identified that determine which tasks require scheduling or rescheduling and which tasks should remain unchanged in their schedules. To evaluate the effectiveness of the algorithm, we solve several examples from the literature and analyze the results. The findings demonstrate the efficiency and efficacy of the proposed approach. The ability to accommodate new job arrivals and generate schedules with a minimized makespan highlights the practical relevance and benefits of the S-graph-based reactive scheduling method.
Due to the large variety of options offered to customers, batch production schemes are highly accepted in the paint industry implying that scheduling plays an important role in optimal allocation of ...plant resources among multiple products. Since in a batch process, the cleaning of equipment units is the major source of waste, waste minimization is also to be taken into account in determining the schedule.
The formerly developed
S-graph framework Sanmartí E, Holczinger T, Puigjaner L, Friedler F. Combinatorial framework for effective scheduling of multipurpose batch plants. AIChE Journal 2002;48(11):2557–70. proved to be highly effective in solving multipurpose batch scheduling; it has now been specialized for solving paint production scheduling problems including waste minimization. The efficacy of the new approach is illustrated with the solution of large-scale paint production scheduling problems.
The continuous rapid development of technology brought the Fourth Industrial Revolution, which posed new challenges to manufacturing companies. The mass production has so far been transformed due to ...the expansion of new technologies and customer expectations to meet the requirements of the production of individual products. As a result, innovative opportunities are opening up in manufacturing where the distribution and management of different resources hold new challenges. The concept of Industry 4.0 means fully automatized manufacturing where customers can order fully customized products and these products are automatically manufactured and delivered. In this paper this process is introduced in a digital factory laboratory, which has been established at the University of Pannonia Nagykanizsa - University Center for Circular Economy.
The optimization of manufacturing systems is rarely a deterministic task in practice, as uncertainties of various origins often have significant impact on the feasibility or quality of a production ...plan. The decision making process is often a complex multi-stage mechanism that anticipates and reacts to numerous parameter changes, both internal and external. Such optimization problems and the corresponding approaches are often classified and categorized based on the features of the addressed uncertainties and the desired objective. The goal of this paper is twofold. First, a systematic approach is presented to enumerate the possible optimization problems for a given set of uncertainties and degree of freedom in the planning. This approach is illustrated via a scheduling example that is inspired by literature case studies and focuses on financial objectives with varying demands and prices in the market. Then, selected problem classes identified by the approach are discussed in detail, illustrating and examining the available techniques to tackle them, citing literature studies applying the same or similar approaches.
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