The geminal frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) (F5C2)3SnCH2P(tBu)2 (2) was prepared by reacting (F5C2)3SnCl with LiCH2P(tBu)2. It is neutral and contains an extremely electronegatively substituted, but ...relatively soft (hard–soft acid–base, HSAB) acidic tin function. Its FLP‐type reactivity was proven by reaction with a variety of small molecules (CO2, SO2, CS2, PhNCO, HCl, (Ph3P)AuCl). However, it shows no reaction in H/D scrambling experiments with H2/D2 mixtures and binds CO2 reversibly, as was observed by VT‐NMR spectroscopy. Compound 2 and all its adducts were completely characterized by means of multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and X‐ray diffraction experiments.
A soft binding site is provided by the tin atom in the intramolecular frustrated Lewis pair (F5C2)3SnCH2P(tBu)2, which forms adducts with a range of small molecules. The softer CS2 binds more strongly, whereas CO2 forms a weaker and reversibly bound adduct.
The amide moiety of peptides can be replaced for example by a triazole moiety, which is considered to be bioisosteric. Therefore, the carbonyl moiety of an amino acid has to be replaced by an alkyne ...in order to provide a precursor of such peptidomimetics. As most amino acids have a chiral center at C
, such amide bond surrogates need a chiral moiety. Here the asymmetric synthesis of a set of 24
-sulfinyl propargylamines is presented. The condensation of various aldehydes with Ellman's chiral sulfinamide provides chiral
sulfinylimines, which were reacted with (trimethylsilyl)ethynyllithium to afford diastereomerically pure
-sulfinyl propargylamines. Diverse functional groups present in the propargylic position resemble the side chain present at the C
of amino acids. Whereas propargylamines with (cyclo)alkyl substituents can be prepared in a direct manner, residues with polar functional groups require suitable protective groups. The presence of particular functional groups in the side chain in some cases leads to remarkable side reactions of the alkyne moiety. Thus, electron-withdrawing substituents in the C
-position facilitate a base induced rearrangement to α,β-unsaturated imines, while azide-substituted propargylamines form triazoles under surprisingly mild conditions. A panel of propargylamines bearing fluoro or chloro substituents, polar functional groups, or basic and acidic functional groups is accessible for the use as precursors of peptidomimetics.
Purpose
Information security policies (ISPs) are used by organizations to communicate rules on the use of information systems (IS). Research studies show that compliance with the ISPs is not a ...straightforward issue and that several factors influence individual behavior toward ISP compliance, such as security awareness or individual perception of security threats. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the competencies associated with users’ ISP compliance behavior.
Design/methodology/approach
In order to reveal the competencies that are associated with the users’ ISP compliance behavior, the authors systematically analyze the ISP compliance literature and the authors develop an ISP compliance competency model. The authors then target to explore if IS users are equipped with these competencies; to do so, the authors analyze professional competence models from various industry sectors and compare the competencies that they include with the developed ISP compliance competencies.
Findings
The authors identify the competencies associated with ISP compliance and the authors provide evidence on the lack of attention in information security responsibilities demonstrated in professional competence frameworks.
Research limitations/implications
ISP compliance research has focused on identifying the antecedents of ISP compliance behavior. The authors offer an ISP compliance competency model and guide researchers in investigating the issue further by focusing on the professional competencies that are necessary for IS users.
Practical implications
The findings offer new contributions to practitioners by highlighting the lack of attention on the information security responsibilities demonstrated in professional competence frameworks. The paper also provides implications for the design of information security awareness programs and information security management systems in organizations.
Originality/value
To the best of the authors’ knowledge, the paper is the first study that addresses ISP compliance behavior from a professional competence perspective.
The present study scrutinizes how an incumbent solution provider executes smart solution development (SSD). We aim to contribute to digital servitization research, which primarily focuses on either ...product, service, or software development, thus overlooking the integrative aspect of SSD. We unfold the holistic SSD development process in a single case study through 23 manager interviews, observational data, and strategic document analysis. The study extends the product-service innovations (PSI) literature by 1) identifying a set of innovation routines, such as collaborative, customer-focused, and decision-making, 2) demonstrating innovation management processes and practices associated with those routines, and 3) highlighting the co-alignment of innovation processes, routines, and practices to achieve improved outcomes from SSD. The study translates the empirical work into a framework and a set of propositions to guide future research. For managers, the study provides a framework and a set of capability-enhancing practices for a benchmark.
•The single case study of Wärtsilä Corporation investigates how incumbent firms align their innovation processes, routines, and practices to facilitate smart solution development (SSD).•The present study lists altogether 14 innovation routines that help firm to overcome challenges regarding product, service, and software integration.•These routines are categorized into collaborative, customer-focused, and decision-making routines.•Firms can consider a synchronized innovation process instead of tailored models for new products, services, and software.
Information systems (IS) scholars have proposed guidelines for interpretive, mixed methods, and design science research in IS. Because many of these guidelines have also been suggested for evaluating ...what good or rigorous research is, they may be used as a checklist in the review process. In this paper, we raise the question: To what extent do research guidelines for interpretive, mixed methods, and design science research offer evidence that they can be used to evaluate the quality of research. We argue that scholars can use these guidelines to evaluate what good research is if there is compelling evidence that they lead to certain good research outcomes. We use three well-known sets of guidelines as examples and argue that they do not seem to offer evidence that we can use them to evaluate the quality of research. Instead, the “evidence” is often an authority argument, popularity, or examples demonstrating the applicability of the guidelines. If many research method principles we regard as authoritative in IS are largely based on speculation and opinion, we should take these guidelines less seriously in evaluating the quality of research. Our proposal does not render the guidelines useless. If the guidelines cannot offer cause-and-effect evidence for the usefulness of their principles, we propose viewing the guidelines as idealizations for pedagogical purposes, which means that reviewers cannot use these guidelines as checklists to evaluate what good research is. While our examples are from interpretive, mixed methods, and design science research, we urge the IS community to ponder the extent to which other research method guidelines offer evidence that they can be used to evaluate the quality of research.
The literature on open innovation (OI) has mainly been focused on the ‘bright side’ of OI, thus neglecting the limits of OI implementation influencing innovation processes during organizational ...change. It requires to develop a better understanding about the limits of OI. Therefore, this study explores the limits of OI during organizational change and provides approaches that drive firms to offset these limits. The empirical analysis is based on an in‐depth single case study and data was collected through semi‐structured interviews with the representatives engaged with Partner Campus – an OI initiative developed by a multinational manufacturing company. We have found that during the change process of adapting collaborative and absorptive capabilities, and developing organizational readiness, several internal and external challenges limit the company's drive to open up. Internal challenges arise when organizations start the change process in unfreezing stage. The traditional organizational culture and structure challenge incumbent firms to break the existing silos and utilize knowledge and resources effectively for OI implementation, hindering intra‐organizational collaboration. While external challenges arise when organizations transform their endeavors across organizational boundaries and collaborate with external stakeholders. When firms lack knowledge integration and technological capabilities, OI creates collaborative complexity given the magnitude of involved diverse actors and activities at different levels, which challenges the organizations to maintain the longevity of OI practices, resulting in several risks that limit firms to open up. However, we have identified the capabilities and actions that firms can take to strengthen a collaborative environment by counterbalancing these challenges. We contribute to the literature on OI by identifying and assessing the limits of OI, embedded in the organizational change process, that hinder organizational drive for OI. We also contribute to organizational change literature by identifying specific changes related to organizational processes, structure, and culture, and outlining approaches that can support a smooth transition.
The geminal frustrated Lewis pair (F5C2)3SnCH2P(tBu)2 (1) reacted with N‐sulfinylaniline PhNSO to afford the first sulfur monoxide adduct of a main group metal, (F5C2)3SnCH2P(tBu)2⋅SO (2), which ...contains a SnCPSO ring. The second product is a phenylnitrene adduct of 1. The surprising stability of 2 was compared with the stabilities of the so far inaccessible O2 and S2 adducts of 1. Attempts to prepare these from 1 and the elemental chalcogens (O2, S8, Se∞, Te∞) led to four‐membered SnCPE ring systems. Quantum‐chemical investigations of 2 demonstrate the bond polarity of the SO unit to stabilize 2.
The first adduct of SO to a main group metal system was found by reacting PhNSO with an intramolecular Sn/P frustrated Lewis pair; the exceptional stability of the adduct is attributed to the polarity of the incorporated SO unit.
The reactivity of the geminal frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) (F5C2)3SnCH2P(tBu)2 (1) was explored by reacting it with a variety of small molecules (PhOCN, PhNCS, PhCCH, tBuCCH, H3CC(O)CH=CH2, PhC(O)2Ph, ...PhN=NPh and Me3SiCHN2), featuring polar or non‐polar multiple bonds and/or represent α,β‐unsaturated systems. While most adducts are formed readily, the binding of azobenzene requires UV‐induced photoisomerization, which results in the highly selective complexation of cis‐azobenzene. In the case of benzil, the reaction does not lead to the expected 1,2‐ or 1,4‐addition products, but to the non‐stereoselective (tBu)2PCH2‐transfer to a prochiral keto function of benzil. All adducts of 1 were characterised by means of multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, elemental analyses and X‐ray diffraction experiments.
A highly selective complexation of cis‐azobenzene was found when reacting the isomeric compound with the intramolecular frustrated Lewis pair (F5C2)3SnCH2P(tBu)2 under UV‐induced photoisomerization conditions.
PurposeThe present study intends to foster understanding of how a traditional manufacturer can utilize the “simple rules” approach of managerial heuristics to facilitate its smart solution ...development (SSD) process.Design/methodology/approachThe study uses an in-depth single case research strategy and 25 senior manager interviews to understand the application of simple rules in smart solution development.FindingsThe findings reveal process, boundary, preference, schedule, and stop rules as the dominant managerial heuristics in the case and identify how the manufacturer applies these rules during the innovation process phases of ideation, incubation, transformation, and industrialization for attaining project outcomes.Research limitations/implicationsThe study contributes to the new service development (NSD) literature by shedding light on simple rules and how managers may apply them to facilitate SSD. The main limitations stem from applying the qualitative case study approach and the interpretative nature of the study, which produces novel insights but prevents direct generalization to other empirical cases.Practical implicationsThe resulting framework provides guidelines for managers on how to establish formal and clear simple rules that enable industrial solution providers to approach decision-making in smart solution development in a more agile manner.Originality/valueThe study comprises one of the first attempts to investigate managerial heuristics in the context of SSD and puts forward a plea for further NSD research applying psychological conceptualizations to enrich the simple rules perspective.
The reactivity of the frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) (F5C2)3SnCH2P(tBu)2 (1) was investigated with respect to the activation of elemental hydrogen. The reaction of 1 at elevated hydrogen pressure ...afforded the intramolecular phosphonium stannate(II) (F5C2)2SnCH2PH(tBu)2 (3). It was characterized by means of multinuclear NMR spectroscopy and single crystal X‐ray diffraction. NMR experiments with the two isotopologues H2 and D2 showed it to be formed via an H2 adduct (F5C2)3HSnCH2PH(tBu)2 (2) and the subsequent formal reductive elimination of pentafluoroethane; this is supported by DFT calculations. Parahydrogen‐induced polarization experiments revealed the formation of a second product of the reaction of 1 with H2, HP(tBu)2MeSn(C2F5)3 (4), in 1H NMR spectra, whereas 2 was not detected due to its transient nature.
Hydrogen splitting and two pathways of reductive elimination were found by reacting H2 with an intramolecular Sn/P frustrated Lewis pair; quantum‐chemical calculations and high‐pressure NMR experiments indicate an neutral and zwitterionic phosphonium stannate(II) as the energetically favored product of reaction.
PDF
