U Dubravi kod Vrbovca u srednjem su vijeku postojale dvije crkve: župna crkva sv. Margarete i crkva sv. Martina koja je služila kao župna. Postradale od Osmanlija, obje su crkve obnovljene, no od Sv. ...Martina preostali su do danas tek zidovi svetišta. Autor je pokušao rekonstruirati tlocrt crkve sv. Martina prema preostalim podatcima na crkvi postupkom srednjovjekovnog načina projektiranja Roritzera, Lachera i drugih. Na svetištu se nazire da je ono izvorno trebalo biti svođeno kasnogotičkim zvjezdastim svodom, ali izvedena je inačica gotičkoga križnog svoda.
In the Middle Ages there were two churches in Dubrava near Vrbovec: the parish Church of St. Margaret and the Church of St. Martin which served as a parish church. After they had been devastated by the Turks, the two churches were renovated. Yet, the walls of St. Martin’s Church are the only parts that have survived. In this paper, an attempt has been made to restore its layout by means of medieval design methodology of Roritzer, Lacher and others. The remains indicate that the church should have had a Late Gothic stellar vault. However, the actual vault was built as a variation of the Gothic cross vault.
Slunj se prvi puta spominje krajem 14. st., sa svojim burgom knezova Krčkih – Frankopana, više crkava i franjevačkim samostanom. Osmanlijska ugroza tijekom 16. i 17. st. promijenila je slunjski kraj, ...a crkve su većinom stradale. Nakon oslobođenja od Osmanlija i mira u Srijemskim Karlovcima 1699. godine Slunj je postao značajna utvrda na Krajini. Krajiški su inženjeri rješavali utvrđivanje Krajine, ostavivši više veduta, situacija i tlocrta Slunja i okolice. Na ovim grafikama i planovima prikazane su i stare slunjske crkve iako se prvenstveno željelo prikazati vojne građevine. Stare su slunjske crkve bile ruševine ili pak prilagođene potrebama obrane: bile su to crkve sv. Marije Magdalene, franjevačka crkva sv. Bernardina, crkva Svih svetih, župna crkva sv. Nikole u Cvitoviću (u srednjem vijeku to je Ladihović) te vjerojatno dvorska kapela u slunjskom burgu.
Slunj, the burg and the settlement, emerged during the second half of the 14th century. According to M. Bogović, there were two settlements, each with its own parish church. The main settlement, ...which is probably the oldest, was the one around the Church of St Mary Magdalene, in the position of today’s cemetery, and the other around the Church of All Saints, also called Trg. A Franciscan monastery with the Church of St Bernardine was built outside the settlement during the 15th century. Due to the Ottoman threat, both Slunj settlements were relocated to the area around the Franciscan monastery, and both parish churches were abandoned. At the same time, the Franciscan church was apparently remodelled as part of the fortifications around the new settlement. Today’s parish church was set on fire during the Homeland War, so the sanctuary of the old Franciscan church, built in the 16th century, appeared under the fallen plaster of the walls. It was a structure of modest design. The church was destroyed during an Ottoman raid in 1582 but was rebuilt at the beginning of the 18th century when it was expanded and given a baroque design. There are no preserved traces of the Churches of St Mary Magdalene and All Saints, only their approximate positions are known. At the end of the 17th and the beginning of the 18th century, frontier (Austrian and Italian) engineers drew the situation of Slunj, with floor plans and vedutas, on which the old churches of Slunj are shown. This documentation was drawn for the purposes of strengthening the border and defence against the Ottomans. The old parish Churches of St Mary Magdalene and All Saints are only indicated, whilst the centre of attention was the former Franciscan church, but only as part of the fortifications around Slunj. For both parish churches, it can be said that they were most likely constructed in the usual manner of parish churches in this part of Croatia: with a vaulted sanctuary, a flat-roofed nave and a bell tower on the western façade.
U Dubravi kod Vrbovca u srednjem su vijeku postojale dvije crkve: zupna crkva sv. Margarete i crkva sv. Martina koja je sluzila kao zupna. Postradale od Osmanlija, obje su crkve obnovljene, no od Sv. ...Martina preostali su do danas tek zidovi svetista. Autor je pokusao rekonstruirati tlocrt crkve sv. Martina prema preostalim podatcima na crkvi postupkom srednjovjekovnog nacina projektiranja Roritzera, Lachera i drugih. Na svetistu se nazire da je ono izvorno trebalo biti svodeno kasnogotickim zvjezdastim svodom, ali izvedena je inacica gotickoga kriznog svoda. In the Middle Ages there were two churches in Dubrava near Vrbovec: the parish Church of St. Margaret and the Church of St. Martin which served as a parish church. After they had been devastated by the Turks, the two churches were renovated. Yet, the walls of St. Martin's Church are the only parts that have survived. In this paper, an attempt has been made to restore its layout by means of medieval design methodology of Roritzer, Lacher and others. The remains indicate that the church should have had a Late Gothic stellar vault. However, the actual vault was built as a variation of the Gothic cross vault. Dubrava was the estate owned by Zagreb-based bishops in the 12th-13th century. Its Church of St. Martin from 1334 seems more related to the early 16th century in terms of its building style. Around 1500 intensive construction activity was going on the estate. Besides the Church of St. Martin, other building projects were the parish Church of St. Margaret, the bishop's Renaissance castle and the walls with semi-towers. The Church of St. Martin consisted of four conventional parts: the sanctuary, nave, sacristy, and belfry of which there is material and written evidence. The sanctuary was vaulted while the nave was covered with a flat wooden ceiling; the sacristy was also vaulted. The walls were made of brick. The belfry was probably a wooden construction above the entrance, i.e. above the west-facing facade. The vault should have been star-shaped, built out of carved stone. However, a variant of a cross vault was actually built in the end. The stone ribs and pilasters must have been taken from another structure. The remaining built-in elements of the ribs have over-sized sections for such a relatively small church: identical profiles can be found on a nearby big Franciscan church in Klostar Ivanic. Apparently, the brick construction of the Church of St. Martin was started by one workshop while another one-a stonemason's workshop - completed it. Due to Ottoman attacks in 1552, the church obviously suffered extensive damage. During the Late Baroque renovation, the church was roofed although the sanctuary vault was not restored. Over time the nave and the belfry collapsed. The only surviving part was the sanctuary which was later transformed into a graveyard chapel. This research is an attempt to restore its construction using booklets written by the Gothic authors Lacher, Schmuttermeyer and other masters. The layout was determined by a series of several squares - quandrangulation, the size of a square being 2 2/3 fathoms (1 fathom = 195 cm). The thickness of the wall was 1/6 of the sanctuary's width which was supposed to determine the majority of details on the church. A star-shaped vault was chosen according to the basic characteristics of the layout. However, a cross vault was executed as a variant of the original version that envisaged the sanctuary vaulted with a stellar vault. Details were executed by means of a pair of squares whose sides were as wide as the sanctuary walls. These were actually two overlapping squares of the same size forming an angle of 45 degrees. These squares were actually a recipe to determine the size of other elements: windows, vault ribs, cornices, pilasters, plinth. Obviously all or almost all profiles were thus interconnected. The profile of the vault rib is obviously too strong. This provisionary solution was probably due to rapid pace of construction and new circumstances as well as to a general approach to construction in the early 16th century, i.e. reduced quality due to Ottoman threat. In recent years, renovation work has begun on the chapel hiding preserved medieval wall paintings underneath the later layers of plaster and paint.
Turske kule i gradovi u Lici i Krbavi Horvat, Zorislav
Senjski zbornik - prilozi za geografiju, etnologiju, gospodarstvo, povijest i kulturu,
2013, Volume:
40, Issue:
1
Journal Article
Open access
Turkish towers, no matter how poorly they have been preserved, are part of our culture, heritage and history, a part of our reality. Their poor preservation is a consequence of negligence, which ...still goes back to the days of the liberation from the Turkish – Ottoman rule, as part of the national and political indifference over more than 160 years of government and rooted hostility. From the developed mediaeval Croatian regions the Turkish wars brought life to the edge of existence and left a wasted land. These 160 and more years of Ottoman rule and the fears of their protagonists are also testified to by the numerous towers of various aghas and beys of Croatian and Slavic names (!). However, these towers should have been protection for them from the surrounding Muslim population: it seems that at the end of the 17th century it did not help them. These towers also bear witness to how little the Ottoman government cared about this, for them, a remote part of a Sanjak in the Empire. And so Lika developed its own customs and varieties in construction, which were a combination of provincial, local architecture and the same such of the Turks. It was somewhat different from the previous, mediaeval Croatian, but also from those in the mainstream, in neighbouring Bosnia, and even further from those more important, closer to Istanbul. It could be said that the Turkish towers are actually a type of specific rural architecture of these regions – Lika and Krbava.After the liberation of these regions, there followed a gap in construction and design because the previous variant of architecture was abandoned, and the search for new ways was felt, and even a movement towards Croatian mediaeval architecture upon the building of new and the renovation of old sacral structures. Unfortunately, Lika and Krbava were not important for the new authorities in Vienna and Graz, besides militarily. Only a series of new structures and fortifications for the defence of the new borders between the two empires remained. The old, Turkish towers are forgotten…
CASTLE CONTINENTAL CROATIA STRATIGRAPHY 13TH-15TH CENTURY Castles in continental Croatia belong to Central European stylistic idioms but contain elements based on local principles and influences of ...coastal architecture. They feature the Romanesque, Gothic and Renaissance styles which merge in transitional periods. Due to insufficient preservation of Croatian castles, evidences of styles can be found in construction methods, ground plans, units of measurement, designs of entire buildings and profiles created by quadrangulation, proportions. BURG KONTINENTALNA HRVATSKA STRATIGRAFIJA 13.-15. STOLJECE Burgovi kontinentalne Hrvatske pripadaju srednjoeuropskom stilskom oblikovanju, ali s lokalnim zasadama, pa i utjecajima primorskih gradnji. Nazocni su stilovi romanike, gotike i renesanse, a u prijelaznim razdobljima stilovi se mijesaju. S obzirom na slabiju sacuvanost hrvatskih burgova, stil nalazimo u naizgled kolateralnim pojedinostima, u nacinima zidanja, strukturi tlocrta, primijenjenim mjerama, u nacinu projektiranja cjeline i profilacija kvadrangulacijom, omjerima.
CASTLES ILOK CONTINENTAL CROATIA HABITATION Residences were constituent parts of 13th-15th century castles. The first modest structures developed through time into bigger and more elaborately ...furnished ones. Residences of high nobility, bishops and kings were representative buildings where the living standard was comparable to that in Central European royal courts. Special prominence should be given to the remarkable palace of the princes of Ilok. BURGOVI ILOK KONTINENTALNA HRVATSKA STANOVANJE Stambeni su objekti neizbjeziv sastavni dio burgova 13.-15. stoljeca. U pocetku su to skromne gradevine, da bi tijekom vremena postale sve vece, sve bolje uredene i opremljene. Stambeni su palasi magnata, biskupa i kralja reprezentativne gradevine, koji su imali razinu zivota srednjoeuropskih dvorova. Posebno treba istaknuti palas knezova Ilockih u Iloku koji pripada u izuzetne gradevine srednje Europe.
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