This review summarizes the anti-diabetic effects of Ganoderma lucidum. Four types of molecules, proteins, proteoglycans, polysaccharides and triterpenoids were shown to regulate multiple pathways in ...the performance of anti-diabetic activities. Display omitted
•Polysaccharides inhibit glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis.•Proteoglycans inhibit PTP1B activity, glucose transported 2 and 4 expression.•Triterpenoids inhibit aldose reductase and α-glucosidase.•Ling Zhi-8 stimulates expansion of FOXP3+ regulatory T-cells (FOXP3+ Treg).
Ganoderma lucidum is a white rot fungus widely used as a tonic for the promotion of longevity and health. Extracts of G. lucidum have been recognized as an alternative adjuvant treatment for diabetes. Among the many biologically active constituents of G. lucidum, polysaccharides, proteoglycans, proteins and triterpenoids have been shown to have hypoglycemic effects. G. lucidum polysaccharides have been reported to have hypoglycemic activity by increasing plasma insulin levels and decreasing plasma sugar levels in mice. Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B is a promising therapeutic target in diabetes, and G. lucidum proteoglycan can inhibit this enzyme in vitro. Moreover, G. lucidum triterpenoids were shown to have inhibitory activity on aldose reductase and α-glucosidase that can suppress postprandial hyperglycemia. In addition, a protein Ling Zhi-8 extracted from G. lucidum significantly decreased lymphocyte infiltration and increased the antibody detection of insulin in diabetic mice. This review summarizes most of the research about the hypoglycemic action effects of polysaccharides, proteoglycans, proteins and tritrerpenoids from G. lucidum as a guide for future research.
This Special Issue, entitled “Food Processing and Food Analysis: Principles, Techniques, and Applications”, explores perspectives and latest advances in the field of food science ...
This Special Issue entitled “Application of Proteomics and Enzyme Technologies in Foods” explores the latest progress and perspectives on the development and application of enzyme technologies, ...proteomics, and bioprocessing in the context of food science ...
•The endo-β-glucosidase induced deglycosylation of isoflavones and anthocyanins during soaking process.•Isoflavones de-esterification and anthocyanins glucosides cleavage had turn out during heating ...process.•Isoflavones and anthocyanins were bound into 7S and 11S proteins.
The conversion of isoflavones and anthocyanins during black soymilk processing including soaking and heating was investigated. During soaking procedure, the β-glucosidase activity, content of bioactive compounds including daidzein, genistein, delphinidin and cyanidin were significantly increased by deglycosylation reaction. After heating treatment at 90 °C for 1 h, the content of isoflavones β-glucosides including daidzin, glycitin and genistin were increased through a de-esterification reaction from malonyl-glucosides at high temperature. On the contrary, aglycone content including daidzein and genistein were no significant changed, this result indicated aglycones displayed well thermal stability. Moreover, anthocyanins including delphinidin-3-O-glucoside (D3G) and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G) were converted into delphinidin and cyanidin by glucose removal. HPLC analysis suggested that daidzein, genistein, D3G and C3G were bound with β-conglycinin and glycinin. Our results establish the conversion of bioactive components including daidzein, genistein, delphinidin and cyanidin by deglycosylation during soaking and heating progress and benefit to the production of soymilk.
The effects of microbial transglutaminase (MTGase) cross-linking on the physicochemical characteristics of individual caseins were investigated. MTGase was used to modify three major individual ...caseins, namely, κ-casein (κ-CN), α
-casein (α
-CN) and β-casein (β-CN). The SDS-PAGE analysis revealed that MTGase-induced cross-linking occurred during the reaction and that some components with high molecular weights (>130 kDa) were formed from the individual proteins κ-CN, α
-CN and β-CN. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and particle size analysis respectively demonstrated that the κ-CN, α
-CN and β-CN particle diameters and protein microstructures were larger and polymerized after MTGase cross-linking. The polymerized κ-CN (~749.9 nm) was smaller than that of β-CN (~7909.3 nm) and α
-CN (~7909.3 nm). The enzyme kinetics results showed
values of 3.04 × 10
, 2.37 × 10
and 8.90 × 10
M for κ-CN, α
-CN and β-CN, respectively, and, furthermore,
values of 5.17 × 10
, 1.92 × 10
and 4.76 × 10
1/s, for κ-CN, α
-CN and β-CN, respectively. Our results revealed that the cross-linking of β-CN catalyzed by MTGase was faster than that of α
-CN or κ-CN. Overall, the polymers that formed in the individual caseins in the presence of MTGase presented a higher molecular weight and larger particles.
Effect of high intensity ultrasound (HIUS) treatment on the rheological property and microstructure of tofu made from yellow and black soybeans was investigated. Raw soymilk was either heated at 95°C ...for 10min, or HIUS treated at 25 and 50°C for 5, 15, and 30min, and then was coagulated by adding Glucono-δ-lactone (GDL) to produce tofu. Results showed that HIUS denatured the soy protein and was confirmed by the changes in protein surface hydrophobicity. The HIUS-treated soymilk and the heat-treated soymilk expressed different gelation behaviors, which led to distinct rheological property and microstructure in the final products. The network of tofu prepared with HIUS-treated soymilk was constructed by thicker strands in a loose arrangement. The rheological property and microstructure of HIUS-treated tofu can be modified by changing the sonication time and temperature. The tofu made form soymilk with HIUS at 25°C for 15min gave the best rheological property.
Tofu is a widely accepted and commonly manufactured soy product in Asia. The worldwide tofu consumption is increasing due to its unique texture and health benefits. However, the thermal process of soymilk during tofu making is time and energy consuming. HIUS is a more efficient and environment-friendly technology that can be commercially applied as an energy and labor saving alternative to the conventional thermal treatment. The rheological property and microstructure are two important parameters for the gel texture evaluation. This research paper presents a comparative study between soymilk treated by heating and by HIUS using yellow soybean and black soybean to produce tofu with unique rheological property. Finding in this research gave the primary knowledge for further application of HIUS on tofu processing.
•Ultrasonic-treated tofu had the rheological property different from the heat-treated tofu.•The rheological property of tofu were affected by the sonication time and temperature.•Ultrasonics is a time-effective method for tofu making as compared to current technology.
We conducted a pilot study to examine pesticides in dust of homes in a rural county of Taiwan. A total of 56 homes of pregnant women were included in the study. Indoor and outdoor dust was collected ...by a vacuum sampler and a dustpan/brush set, respectively. Nine pesticides were selected for analysis on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with the detection limits being 0.088 ng/g or lower. The most detected pesticides were cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos, which appeared in 82.7 and 78.8% of indoor samples and 48.2 and 39.3% of outdoor samples, respectively. The detection of pesticides from indoor and outdoor dust, however, was not consistent, indicating different sources of pesticides. In addition to those two most detected, permethrin, prallethrin, and tetramethrin, which were common ingredients of insecticide products for indoor use, were also frequently found in indoor dust, suggesting that indoor use of such pesticide products may have been a major source. Fewer pesticides were found in outdoor dust, but the outdoor detection of chlorpyrifos was significantly associated with farms present inside the circles with radii of 50 and 100 m surrounding the homes (
P
= 0.021, 0.016). It is suggested that pesticide drift from agricultural areas to residential environments may have occurred. No seasonal effect on distribution of pesticides in dust was found, indicating that pesticides could be routinely used in Taiwan regardless of season. Compared with other international studies, this study shows relatively high levels of chlorpyrifos but low levels of pyrethroids (i.e., cypermethrin), reflecting a different pattern of pesticide use in Taiwan. Further studies need to be warranted for a better understanding of exposure to pesticides and the associated health effects.
Plasma leucine-Rich α-2-glycoprotein 1 (LRG1) is an innovative biomarker for inflammation and angiogenesis. Many adverse pathophysiological changes including inflammation, atherosclerosis, and ...premature mortality is associated with End-stage renal disease (ESRD). However, whether levels of plasma LRG1 correlate with the co-morbidities of ESRD patients is unknown. Plasma LRG1 and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) were analyzed by ELISA in 169 hemodialysis patients from the Immunity in ESRD (iESRD) study. Patient demographics and comorbidities at the time of enrollment were recorded. Peripheral blood monocyte and T cell subsets were assessed by multicolor flow cytometry. In the univariate analysis, a higher level of LRG1 was associated with the presence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAOD). In multivariate logistic regression models, higher LRG1 tertile was significantly associated with PAOD (odds ratio = 3.49) and CVD (odds ratio = 1.65), but not with coronary artery disease, history of myocardial infarction, or stroke after adjusting for gender, diabetes, hemoglobin, albumin, calcium-phosphate product, and level of hsCRP. In addition, the level of LRG1 had a positive correlation with IL-6, hsCRP, and also more advanced T cell differentiation. The association suggests that LRG1 participates in the progression of atherosclerosis by inducing inflammation. Therefore, the role of LRG1 in coexisting inflammatory response should be further investigated in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with ESRD.
The effects of chymosin on the physicochemical and hydrolysis characteristics of casein micelles and individual caseins were investigated. Adding 0.03 units of chymosin/mL led to the casein micelles ...in skim milk coagulating after a 3 h incubation period at 30 °C. SDS–PAGE investigation showed that β-CN, κ-CN, αs-CN, and a portion of β-lactoglobulin (β-LG) in the milk supernatant fraction (MSF) were precipitated into the milk pellet fraction (MPF). The mean particle size of the MSF with chymosin decreased from 254.4 nm to 179.2 nm after a 3 h incubation period. Mass spectrometry and SDS–PAGE analysis suggested that chymosin hydrolyzed individual β-CN, κ-CN, and αs-CN, but not β-LG. Chymosin hydrolysis led to a decrease in the molecular weights of the hydrolyzed β-CN, κ-CN, and αs-CN. Particle size analysis indicated that there was no difference in the particle size distribution of hydrolyzed β-CN and αs-CN. Moreover, our outcomes demonstrated that the hydrolysis of κ-CN by chymosin occurs before that of β-CN and αs-CN.
Using a fractionation technique, four phytochemicals were isolated from Rhodiola crenulata extracts. These compounds were identified as 4′-hydroxyacetophenone (4-HAP), epicatechin-(4β,8)-epicatechin ...gallate (B2–3′-O-gallate), salidroside, and p-tyrosol using mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The inhibition of xanthine oxidase (XO) activity by these purified compounds was then evaluated and compared to that of a known XO inhibitor (allopurinol; IC50 = 12.21 ± 0.27 μM). Both 4-HAP and B2–3′-O-gallate showed an XO inhibitory effect, for which the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values were 15.62 ± 1.19 and 24.24 ± 1.80 μM, respectively. However, salidroside and p-tyrosol did not show significant inhibitory effects on XO at 30 μM. Furthermore, an inhibition kinetics study indicated that 4-HAP and B2–3′-O-gallate are mixed competitive inhibitors. The inhibition constants (K i) of 4-HAP and B2–3′-O-gallate were 8.41 ± 1.03 and 6.16 ± 1.56 μM, respectively. These results suggest that 4-HAP and B2–3′-O-gallate are potent XO inhibitors.
PDF
