ABSTRACT
Delayed wound healing is one of the most prominent clinical manifestations of diabetes and lacks satisfactory treatment options. Persistent inflammation occurs in the late phase of wound ...healing and impairs the healing process in mice with diabetes mellitus (DM). In this study, we observed that the late wound healing in streptozotocin (STZ)‐induced DM mice could be improved by (−)‐epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). The macrophage accumulation, inflammation response, and Notch signaling can be inhibited by EGCG in the skin wounds of DM mice. Furthermore, we found that the LPS‐induced inflammation response including overactivated Notch signaling, was inhibited by EGCG in mouse macrophages. Moreover, we confirmed that EGCG could directly bind with mouse Notch‐1. In addition, our studies indicated that diabetic wound healing was improved by EGCG treatment before or after the inflammation phase by targeting the Notch signaling pathway, which suggests that the pre‐existing diabetic wound healing can be improved by EGCG. To summarize, wound healing can be improved by EGCG through targeting Notch in STZ‐induced DM mice. Our findings provide insight into the therapeutic strategy for diabetic wounds and offer EGCG as a novel potential medicine to treat chronic wounds.—Huang, Y.‐W., Zhu,Q.‐Q., Yang,X.‐Y., Xu,H.‐H., Sun,B., Wang,X.‐J., Sheng,J.Wound healing can be improved by (−)‐epigallocatechin gallate through targeting Notch in streptozotocin‐induced diabetic mice. FASEB J. 33, 953–964 (2019). www.fasebj.org
Spatial patterns and temporal trends of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) deposition are important for quantifying their impact on forest carbon (C) uptake. In a first step, we modeled historical and ...future change in the global distributions of the atmospheric deposition of N and P from the dry and wet deposition of aerosols and gases containing N and P. Future projections were compared between two scenarios with contrasting aerosol emissions. Modeled fields of N and P deposition and P concentration were evaluated using globally distributed in situ measurements. N deposition peaked around 1990 in European forests and around 2010 in East Asian forests, and both increased sevenfold relative to 1850. P deposition peaked around 2010 in South Asian forests and increased 3.5‐fold relative to 1850. In a second step, we estimated the change in C storage in forests due to the fertilization by deposited N and P (∆Cν dep), based on the retention of deposited nutrients, their allocation within plants, and C:N and C:P stoichiometry. ∆Cν dep for 1997–2013 was estimated to be 0.27 ± 0.13 Pg C year−1 from N and 0.054 ± 0.10 Pg C year−1 from P, contributing 9% and 2% of the terrestrial C sink, respectively. Sensitivity tests show that uncertainty of ∆Cν dep was larger from P than from N, mainly due to uncertainty in the fraction of deposited P that is fixed by soil. ∆CP dep was exceeded by ∆CN dep over 1960–2007 in a large area of East Asian and West European forests due to a faster growth in N deposition than P. Our results suggest a significant contribution of anthropogenic P deposition to C storage, and additional sources of N are needed to support C storage by P in some Asian tropical forests where the deposition rate increased even faster for P than for N.
We estimate the historical and future change in global distributions of the atmospheric deposition of N and P. We apply a stoichiometric mass‐balance approach to estimate the change in C storage in forests due to the fertilization by deposited N and P. We find that the effect of P is exceeded by N in East Asian and West European forests due to a faster growth in N deposition than P, and that there is a significant contribution of anthropogenic P deposition to C storage in some Asian tropical forests where the deposition increased even faster for P than for N.
Emission quantification of primary particulate matter (PM) is essential for assessment of its related climate and health impacts. To reduce uncertainty associated with global emissions of PM2.5, ...PM10, and TSP, we compiled data with high spatial (0.1° × 0.1°) and sectorial (77 primary sources) resolutions for 2007 based on a newly released global fuel data product (PKU-FUEL-2007) and an emission factor database. Our estimates for developing countries are higher than those previously reported. Spatial bias associated with large countries could be reduced by using subnational fuel consumption data. Additionally, we looked at temporal trends from 1960 to 2009 at country-scale resolution. Although total emissions are still increasing in developing countries, their intensities in terms of gross domestic production or energy consumption have decreased. PM emitted in developed countries is finer owing to a larger contribution from nonindustrial sources and use of abatement technologies. In contrast, countries like China, with strong industry emissions and limited abatement facilities, emit coarser PM. The health impacts of PM are intensified in hotspots and cities owing to covariance of sources and receptors. Although urbanization reduces the per person emission, overall health impacts related to these emissions are heightened because of aggregation effects.
This study aimed to explore the effects of endometriosis (EMS)-derived exosomes and miR-301a-3p on the polarization of macrophages and investigate the involved molecular mechanism. The exosomes were ...isolated from ectopic endometrial tissues of EMS patients and normal human serum (NHS). Results of transmission electron microscope and Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis showed that both EMS-exosomes and NHS-exosomes are about 80 nm microvesicles. Exosomal markers CD63 and TSG101 were abundantly expressed in both EMS-exosomes and NHS-exosomes. No negative marker Calnexin was detected in NHS-exosomes. A small amount of Calnexin was detected in EMS-exosomes. THP-1 cells differentiatee to macrophages by incubating with phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate. Effects of the exosomes on the phagocytosis and polarization of macrophages were evaluated by PKH26 fluorescent labeling and flow cytometry, respectively. Compared with the NHS-exosomes group, the phagocytic capacity of macrophages was reduced and the polarization of macrophages to M2 macrophages was promoted after EMS-exosomes treatment. Results of western blot showed that compared with the NHS-exosomes group, the EMS-exosomes treatment significantly up-regulated the expression of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and down-regulated the expression of phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN). miR-301a-3p mimic, negative control (NC) mimic, miR-301a-3p inhibitor and NC inhibitor were transfected into cells. Transfection efficiency was confirmed by RT-qPCR. Effects of the miR-301a-3p expression on the macrophages polarization and the expression of Arg-1, PTEN and PI3K in the macrophages were evaluated by flow cytometry and western blot, respectively. miR-301a-3p overexpression significantly enhanced the ability of EMS-exosomes-inducing M2 transformation of macrophages, promoted the expression of Arg-1 and PI3K, and inhibited the PTEN expression. miR-301a-3p inhibitor significantly reduced the expression of Arg-1 and PI3K and promoted the PTEN expression. In conclusion, EMS derived exosomal miR-301a-3p mediated macrophage polarization via regulating PTEN-PI3K axis.
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•EMS-exosomes reduces phagocytic capacity of macrophages.•EMS-exosomes promotes the polarization of macrophages to M2 macrophages.•EMS-exosomes up-regulates PI3K expression and down-regulates PTEN expression.•MiR-301a-3p enhances EMS-exosomes-induced M2 transformation of macrophages.•MiR-301a-3p promotes the expression of Arg-1 and PI3K, and inhibits PTEN expression.
Hybrid organic–inorganic perovskite (HOIP) ferroelectrics with high Curie temperature (Tc), typified by the lead halide hybrid perovskite ferroelectrics, are developing rapidly owing to their ...maneuverable ferroelectricity at high temperatures. However, acquiring high‐Tc lead‐free HOIP ferroelectrics via rational strategy still needs development. In this study, a brand‐new program by modulating the steric confinement in a cuplike cavity to design high‐Tc bismuth‐halide ferroelectrics H2mdapBiX5 (H2mdap = N‐Methyl‐1,3‐Propanediamine, X = Cl (1), Br (2), I(3)) is proposed. Emphatically, the Tc enhanced dramatically from 264 K of 3 to 318 K of 2 and 377 K of 1, induced by the substitution of Br and Cl to I, accompanied with an interesting transition from second‐order phase transition (for 3) to the first‐order one (for 1 and 2). The extent of Tc increase is up to 113 K, which far outweighs that of reported Pb‐halide hybrid ferroelectrics. Structural and computational analyses elucidate that this unprecedented improvement of Tc is due to the higher phase transition energy barriers induced by modulating the steric confinement of cuplike cavity via halogen substitution. These results will provide new inspiration for designing high‐Tc lead‐free HOIP ferroelectrics.
Through the compositional engineering, three ferroelectrics H2mdapBiX5 (H2mdap = N‐Methyl‐1,3‐Propanediamine, X = Cl, Br, or I), are synthesized and as anticapated the Tc is enhanced dramatically to 377 K and 318 K from initial 264 K. As a pioneering study, this finding offers an efficient approach for excavating their further application in next generation ferroelectric devices.
Abstract Robotic fiber positioner (RFP) arrays are commonly adopted in multiobject spectroscopic instruments. The positioning accuracy is a common but vital issue for RFP as inaccurate fiber ...placement may heavily affect the observation performance. The calibration of RFP can effectively improve the positioning accuracy. Least-square is a widely used calibration method. However, it has disadvantages, such as sensitivity to the initial values and calculation complexity. To improve the positioning accuracy and reduce the iteration moves, we propose a new calibration method based on the differential evolution algorithm and verify it by calibrating the RFP of the Large Sky Area Multi-Object Fiber Spectroscopy Telescope. We first build the kinematic models of the RFP based on the Denavit–Hartenberg matrix and geometry relationship. Then, we analyze the error components and present the proposed calibration algorithms. The experiments are done with the digital universal tool microscope 19JC and the errors are calculated using the distance between the positions of achieved and target. Results show that the proposed algorithm can achieve higher accuracy than the least-square method and the average positioning accuracy is improved by 78.94% after calibration. Combined with the “pulse reduction” strategy and close-loop compensation, after two moves, the positioners can place the fiber ends within 40 μ m of the intended location. The proposed calibration method is also suitable for other similar theta-phi positioners.
AIM:To evaluate the efficacy,safety and feasibility of endoscopic full-thickness resection(EFR) for the treatment of gastric submucosal tumors(SMTs) arising from the muscularis propria.METHODS:A ...total of 35 gastric SMTs arising from the muscularis propria layer were resected by EFR between January 2010 and September 2013.EFR consists of five major steps:injecting normal saline into the submucosa;pre-cutting the mucosal and submucosal layers around the lesion;making a circumferential incision as deep as the muscularis propria around the lesion using endoscopic submucosal dissection and an incision into the serosal layer around the lesion with a Hook knife;a full-thickness resection of the tumor,including the serosal layer with a Hook or IT knife;and closing the gastric wall with metallic clips.RESULTS:Of the 35 gastric SMTs,14 were located at the fundus,and 21 at the corpus.EFR removed all of the SMTs successfully,and the complete resection rate was 100%.The mean operation time was 90 min(60-155 min),the mean hospitalization time was 6.0 d(4-10 d),and the mean tumor size was 2.8 cm(2.0-4.5cm).Pathological examination confirmed the presence of gastric stromal tumors in 25 patients,leiomyomas in7 and gastric autonomous nerve tumors in 2.No gastric bleeding,peritonitis or abdominal abscess occurred after EFR.Postoperative contrast roentgenography on the third day detected no contrast extravasation into the abdominal cavity.The mean follow-up period was 6mo,with no lesion residue or recurrence noted.CONCLUSION:EFR is efficacious,safe and minimally invasive for patients with gastric SMTs arising from the muscularis propria layer.This technique is able to resect deep gastric lesions while providing precise pathological information about the lesion.With the development of EFR,the indications of endoscopic resection might be extended.
2D multilayered organic‐inorganic hybrid perovskites (OIHPs) have exhibited bright prospects for high‐performance self‐driven X‐ray detection due to their strong radiation absorption and long carrier ...transport. However, as an effective tool for self‐driven X‐ray detection, radiation photovoltaics remain rare, and underdeveloped in multilayered OIHPs. Herein, chirality to induce radiation photovoltaics in 2D multilayered chiral OIHPs is first utilized for efficient self‐driven X‐ray detection. Specifically, under X‐ray irradiation, a multilayered chiral‐polar (S‐BPEA)2FAPb2I7 (1‐S, S‐BPEA = (S)‐1‐4‐Bromophenylethylammonium, FA = formamidinium) shows remarkable radiation photovoltaics of 0.85 V, which endows 1‐S excellent self‐driven X‐ray detection performance with a considerable sensitivity of 87.8 µC Gyair−1 cm−2 and a detection limit low to 161 nGyair s−1. Moreover, the sensitivity is high up to 1985.9 µC Gyair−1 cm−2 under 80 V bias, higher than most those of 2D OIHPs. These results demonstrate that chirality‐induced radiation photovoltaics is an efficient strategy for self‐driven X‐ray detection.
Radiation photovoltaics are first explored in chiral multilayered hybrid perovskites for efficient self‐driven X‐ray detection. (S‐BPEA)2FAPb2I7 (S‐BPEA = (S)‐1‐4‐Bromophenylethylammonium, FA = formamidinium) combines the merits of radiation photovoltaics and multilayered structure, showing a high‐sensitivity and a low X‐ray detection limit.
The aquatic bird, egret, could carry antibiotic resistance (AR) from a contaminated waterway (Jin River, Chengdu, China) into the surrounding environment (Wangjianglou Park). A systematic study was ...carried out on the unique environmental dissemination mode of AR mediated by birds. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of various antibiotics against the environmental
isolates were used to evaluate the bacterial AR at the environmental locations where these isolates were recovered, i.e., the Jin River water, the egret feces, the park soil, and the campus soil. The level of AR in the park soil was significantly higher than that in the campus soil that was seldom affected by the egrets, which suggested that the egrets mediated the transportation of AR from the polluted waterway to the park. Genotyping of the resistant
isolates via repetitive-element PCR gave no strong correlation between the genotypes and the AR patterns of the bacteria. So, the transfer of resistant strains should not be the main mode of AR transportation in this process. The results of real-time PCR revealed that the abundance of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and mobile genetic element (MGE) sequences (transposase and integrase genes) declined along the putative transportation route. The transportation of ARGs could be due to their linkage with MGE sequences, and horizontal gene transfer should have contributed to the process. The movable colistin-resistance gene
was detected among the colistin-resistant
strains isolated from the river water and the egret feces, which indicated the possibility of the environmental dissemination of this gene. Birds, especially the migratory birds, for the role they played on the dissemination of environmental AR, should be considered when studying the ecology of AR.
For a long-span suspension bridge, the suspender cables in the rear of tower often incur violent vibrations, owing to the wake effect of the upstream tower. In this study, an experimental ...investigation on the dynamic response of a suspender cable model was conducted, and an analytic model for the wake-induced vibration (WIV) of a suspender cable was proposed. The Xihoumen Bridge was selected as a prototype, and a scale-ratio of 1:10 was adopted for wind tunnel tests. The combined mass damping m∗ζ in the present experiment was 17, and the Reynolds number corresponding to the tower column width was 2.0–5.2×105. The WIV of suspender cables at different relative positions to the bridge tower was successfully reproduced in the wind tunnel tests. The suspender cable model was found to vibrate in an elliptical trajectory, and the dominant vibration frequency was equal to the natural frequency. The WIV response of the suspender cable could be divided into two main parts: a resonance response peak and a cumulative response with increasing wind velocity; these were considered as the effects of the vortex impulse and wake stiffness, respectively. An aerodynamic force model was then proposed, considering the unsteady effect of the tower wake. In addition, a differential equation for the suspender cable WIV was established and numerically validated. The results from experiments and numerical simulations were observed to be consistent in the resonance range and amplitude–velocity curve trends.
•The dynamic response of a cable affected by the bridge tower wake was investigated.•A resonance peak and a cumulative response with increasing wind speed were revealed.•An aerodynamic force model for WIV of a cable was proposed and numerically validated.
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