This paper investigates the derivation of hybrid derivatives, such as banal-um-as ‘banality’ ← banal-us, -i ‘banal’, that belong to the derivational category of nomina qualitatis. The aim is to find ...out how different nomina qualitatis with the borrowed stems are from the perspective of derivation, how many derivation steps they consist of. Special attention is paid to the functions of indigenous and borrowed suffixes in the borrowed bases of hybrid derivatives. The study was carried out using the Corpus of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language and the Corpus of Academic Lithuanian. The analysis shows that nomina qualitatis with borrowed stems are not very diverse in terms of derivation, as they are formed with only three indigenous suffixes, i.e. -umas, -ybė and -ystė. The hybrid suffixed -umas and -ybė derivatives are usually derived from adjectives, whereas the suffixed -ystė derivatives are usually derived from nouns. Derivatives with borrowed stems commonly consist of two derivation steps. In morphologically decomposable correlative derivatives borrowed suffixes are suggested to be synchronically regarded as derivational (form-al-us, -i ‘formal’ ⇠ form-a ‘form’).
The present study aims to carry out an analysis of English-Spanish false friends in order to establish the most prevailing type of false friends and to determine their degree of falseness and ...semantic resemblance. Qualitative and quantitative methods were used to conduct the research. The results of the analysis have shown that the most dominant part of speech among false friends in English and Spanish is the category of nouns. The vast majority of false friends share their origins in Latin. The most prevailing type of false friends is semantic total. The data gathered from the questionnaire display that the majority of language users are familiar with the phenomenon and can recognize and understand the meaning of the false friend word pairs.
Šiame straipsnyje pristatomi hibridinių ir koreliacinių vedinių bei skolinių konkurencijos modeliai, aptariama jų daryba ir vartosenos dažnis remiantis Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos tekstynu. Atlikus ...tyrimą paaiškėjo, kad konkuruoja: 1) hibridiniai priesagų vediniai (debatuo-toj-as, -a / debat-inink-as, -ė), 2) hibridiniai ir koreliaciniai priesagų vediniai (legion-inink-as, -ė / legion-ier-ius, -ė), 3) hibridiniai priesagų vediniai ir skoliniai (akrobat-inink-as, -ė / akrobat-as, -ė). Konkuruojantys hibridiniai ir koreliaciniai priesagų vediniai gali priklausyti tiek tai pačiai, tiek skirtingoms darybos kategorijoms. Jie taip pat gali būti padaryti iš tų pačių arba skirtingų pamatinių žodžių. Tarp konkuruojančių žodžių matyti didelis dažnio skirtumas, kai vienas konkuruojančios poros narys yra įsigalėjęs, plg. konkurenciją tarp hibridinių vedinių (debatuotojas, -a ×119 / debatininkas, -ė ×5), hibridinių ir koreliacinių vedinių (propagandininkas, -ė ×58 / propagandistas, -ė ×152), hibridinių vedinių ir skolinių (akrobatininkas, -ė ×2 / akrobatas, -ė ×289). Toks pats dažnis matyti tarp skirtingų priesagų hibridinių vedinių (sabotuotojas, -a ×16) / sabotažininkas, -ė×16).
This article presents a study of the search for competing patterns that are characteristic of hybrid suffixed and borrowed personal and agent nouns in Lithuanian. In order to find out if the ...competing nouns, in reality, are synonymous, the research relies on 'Interleksis'--data from the electronic Dictionary of Internationalisms, the Dictionary of Contemporary Lithuanian, the Dictionary of Standard Lithuanian, the Dictionary of Lithuanian, the Database of Lithuanian Neologisms, the Corpus of Contemporary Lithuanian Language. In some cases, internet sources have also been used to check the existence of a competition between two nouns. Four competing patterns of hybrid suffixed and borrowed personal and agent nouns could be distinguished in contemporary Lithuanian, namely the patterns showing competition between: (1) hybrid derivatives and material borrowings, e.g. automobilinink-as, -e 'motorist' / automobil-ist-as, -e 'id.', (2) hybrid derivatives, e.g. eksportuotoj-as, -a 'exporter' / eksport-inink-as, -e 'id.', (3) suffixed material borrowings, e.g. archyv-ist-as, -e 'archivist' / archyv-ar-as, -e 'id.', (4) the mixed pattern that includes a broad scale of competition between hybrid derivatives and two different types of material borrowings, e.g. strateguo-toj-as, -a 'strategist' / strateg-inink-as, -e 'id' /strateg-ist-as, -e 'id.' / strateg-ik-as, -e 'id.' / strateg-as, -e 'id.'. Patterns 1 and 3 cover two sub-patterns because of the existence of two types of material borrowings, i.e. suffixed and simplex borrowed nouns. We propose two types of competition between competing nouns: strong and weak. Strong competition occurs with a similar frequency of use of competing nouns, whereas weak competition manifests itself with a large difference in the frequency of use of competing nouns. The synchronic approach to the derivation of hybrid and borrowed suffixed personal and agent nouns has been adopted in the research. Keywords: strong competition, weak competition, hybrid derivative, correlative derivative, simplex material borrowing, personal noun, agent noun
The article analyzes how hybrid suffixed denominal personal derivatives compete with each other (e.g. atlant-inink-as, -ė / atlant-iet-is, -ė ‘supporter of NATO’ ← Atlant-as ‘Atlantic’) and with ...suffixed borrowings or correlative common root derivatives of the same derivational category (e.g. strateg-inink-as, -ė ‘strategist’ ← strategij-a / strateg-ist-as, -ė ‘id.’ ⇠ strategij-a ‘strategy’) and common root simplex borrowings (e.g. strateg-inink-as, -ė / strateg-as, -ė ‘strategist’) in the contemporary Lithuanian language. The aim is to identify the competing patterns of suffixed denominal personal nouns with borrowed roots, to find out how diverse competing hybrid and correlative derivatives are from the perspective of derivation and how frequent they are in the contemporary Lithuanian language. We distinguish between strong and weak competition according to the frequency of use of derivatives. The material for the study was collected from the electronic Dictionary of Internationalisms “Interleksis”, Dictionary of Contemporary Lithuanian, Dictionary of Standard Lithuanian, Dictionary of Lithuanian, the Database of Lithuanian Neologisms, the Corpus of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language and internet sources.
Straipsnyje analizuojama lietuvių kalbos dūrinių su neoklasikiniais dėmenimis struktūra ir jų integracija į lietuvių kalbos žodžių darybos sistemą. Taip pat aptariamas morfologinis neoklasikinių ...dėmenų statusas. Tyrimas atskleidžia, kad dūriniai su pirmuoju neoklasikiniu ir antruoju indigeniu dėmeniu arba pirmuoju indigeniu ir antruoju neoklasikiniu dėmeniu, išskyrus hibridinius dūrinius su pirmuoju sietiniu kamienu, darybos požiūriu nesiskiria nuo savakilmių dūrinių. Hibridiniai dūriniai, kurių pirmasis dėmuo yra sietinis, pasižymi silpna integracija į lietuvių kalbos sistemą. Pagal sandų tarpusavio santykį dauguma tiriamųjų kaip ir savakilmių dūrinių yra determinatyviniai, o kopuliatyvinių pasitaiko tik vienas kitas.
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