•We modelled reforestation of a boreal forest in Sweden for 200-years with LPJ-GUESS.•We studied the impact of forest management on carbon budgets under varied climates.•Forest management showed ...significant impact on carbon stock and fluxes.•The carbon compensation point was reached 12–16 years post clear-cut.•Net carbon sink of an unmanaged forest may decline by 11–68 % by 2100 under RCP 8.5.
Boreal forests are key to global carbon (C) sequestration and storage. However, the potential impacts of climate change on these forests could be profound. Nearly 70 % of the European boreal forests are intensively managed, but our understanding of the combined effects of forest management and climate change on the forest's integral role as a C sink is still limited. In this study, we aim to fill this gap with simulations of the process-based dynamic global vegetation model LPJ-GUESS. We evaluated the effects of four forest management options under two different climate scenarios (RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5), at a southern boreal forest stand in Sweden. These options were compared against a baseline without clear-cut or management interventions. We found that the projected increase in temperatures (+2 to +4 °C) during the latter part of the 21st century will reduce the net C sink strength, particularly in the unmanaged forest. The standing biomass C for reforestations was projected to be 57–67 % lower in 2100 than in the old forest in 2022.
The study also revealed that the C sequestration potential of replanted pine forests may surpass that of 200-years old forests in the far future (2076–2100). The study did not detect statistically significant differences in overall net C exchange between the clear-cut with subsequent reforestation options and the baseline, even though specific reforestation strategies, such as pine plantations, enhanced the overall net C sink by 7–20 % relative to the baseline during 2022–2100. These findings underscore the profound influence of forest management on the net C budget, surpassing that of climate change scenarios alone. By adopting pertinent reforestation strategies, C uptake could be augmented, with concurrently improved forest productivity, resulting in favourable outcomes for the forest's critical role in C sequestration and storage amidst a changing climate.
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Phase separation behaviour of non-ionic surfactants (NISs)-drug in aq. hydrotropes (HDTs) has appealed interest to researcher over the decades. Herein, we have investigated clouding phenomenon and ...physico-chemical variables of TX 100 and promethazine hydrochloride (PMH) drug mixture in presence of different HDTs. Study reveals that cloud point (CP) is dependent on the concentration of HDTs in aqueous media. CP values increase with the augmentation of HDTs concentrations while CP values at nearly 100 mmol kg
−1
HDTs follow the trend:
. The positive standard Gibbs free energy (
) values signify the non-spontaneity of phase separation in all experimental cases. The positive values of
decrease with the augmentation of HDTs concentration. The observed
and
values are positive at low concentration of HDTs which demonstrates that hydrophobic interactions are the key forces of interaction among the studied ingredients. At high concentration of HDTs, the observed
and
values are found to be negative which demonstrates the enthalpy control process and the presence of exothermic interactions amongst TX 100, HDTs, and promethazine hydrochloride (PMH) drug in aqueous media. The thermodynamic properties of transfer, as well as enthalpy entropy compensation entities, were calculated and presented with proper clarification.
•Forest cover in Nijhum Dwip protected area decreased over 42% from 1990 to 2020.•Until the last decade, deforestation had continued at an alarming rate.•Overall, more than 1016 ha of forest land was ...converted to non-forest vegetation.•Normalized Vegetation Index showed a similar result over supervised classification.
Forest cover loss has a crucial impact on global climate change. The Nijhum Dwip National Park (NDNP), a deltaic part of the Sundarbans mangrove forest, has changed significantly over the decades. The goal of this study was to detect the decadal changes in forest cover using freely available satellite remote sensing data and GIS tools. A maximum likelihood classification technique was used to classify the Landsat images of 1990, 2001, 2011 and 2020. The potential of NDVI and SAVI-based classification for detection of forest cover changes in comparison to supervised classification was also evaluated. More than 42% of the total forest cover area (1781 ha) has been deforested over the decades between 1990 and 2011. The study also reported that nearly 1235 ha and over 856 ha of forest area disappeared from 4217.5 ha in 1990 to 2982.5 ha and 2126.16 ha in 2001 and 2011, respectively. In contrast, an increase of 310 ha of forest area has been recorded in the last decade, from 2011 to 2020. NDVI performed better in forest cover change detection than SAVI. This research will be invaluable for this type of research continuity and proper monitoring of this protected mangrove forest area, along with providing useful information to decision makers.
The study of phase separation of triton X-100 (TX-100) and levofloxacin hemihydrate (LFH) mixture in aqueous solutions of electrolytes has the keen interest due to the enormous applications in ...pharmaceutical sectors. Levofloxacin hemihydrate is a third-generation antibiotic drug utilized in the prevention of bacterial diseases. Herein, phase separation or cloud point (CP) temperature of TX-100 + LFH in aqueous solutions of simple sodium salts (sodium acetate (NaOAc), sodium sulfate (Na
2
SO
4
), sodium carbonate (Na
2
CO
3
), sodium chloride (NaCl), and sodium citrate (Na
3
CTA)) with varying concentration was explored at atmospheric pressure. Herein, CP temperature was recorded by visual assessment. The achieved cloud point (CP) values of TX-100 + LFH system in the attendance of electrolytes were observed to be decreased with the enhancement of electrolytes. Among employed electrolytes, SO
4
2−
was the most effective depressor of CP values due to its salting-out effect. The reducing trend in the CP values of TX-100 + LFH with subsequent enhancement of concentration of electrolytes follows the order:
CP
Na
3
CTA
>
CP
Na
2
SO
4
>
CP
Na
2
CO
3
>
CP
NaCl
>
CP
NaOAc
. The calculated Gibbs free energy (
Δ
G
c
o
) values for the phase separation of TX-100 + LFH system were found to be positive which directed the phase separation process is nonspontaneous. The enthalpy changes (
Δ
H
c
o
) and entropy changes (
Δ
S
c
o
) of clouding were found to be negative at all concentrations of electrolytes and only positive value achieved at high concentration (900.1 mmol kg
-1
) of Na
3
CTA. The assessment of entropy-enthalpy compensation was performed and explained with proper clarification.
Herein, the phase partitioning of triton X-100 (TX-100) and ceftriaxone sodium trihydrate (CTS) drug mixture in aqueous solutions of sodium salts was thoroughly investigated. The sodium carbonate (Na
...2
CO
3
), sodium nitrate (NaNO
3
), sodium oxalate (Na
2
C
2
O
4
), and sodium phosphate (Na
3
PO
4
) were used to explore the effect of sodium salts on the cloudy creation of the mixture of TX-100 and applied drug. The CTS is a broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic drug that is extensively utilized to cure bacterial diseases. The CP values of employed system were attained to be lessened by increasing the concentration of sodium salts (Na salts) and followed the pattern:
CP
aq
.
NaNO
3
>
CP
aq
.
Na
3
PO
4
>
CP
aq
.
Na
2
CO
3
>
CP
aq
.
Na
2
C
2
O
4
.
The estimated several thermodynamic entities (
Δ
G
c
0
,
Δ
H
c
0
, and
Δ
S
c
0
) change of phase partitioning of TX-100 + CTS drug is the measurement of interactions that exist between TX-100 and CTS in aquatic Na-salts environments. The calculated (
Δ
G
c
0
) values were positive in the studied inspections, which demonstrated the nonspontaneous process of phase partitioning for the investigating system in aq. Na-salts media. The enthalpy–entropy compensation variables associated with the clouding process of TX-100 + CTS mixture in H
2
O + salts media were also calculated and interpreted in a detailed way. The operating forces between TX-100 and CTS are electrostatic and hydrophobic, which is evident from the values of
Δ
H
c
0
and
Δ
S
c
0
.
Nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) is an evolutionarily conserved and well-characterized biological mechanism that ensures the fidelity and regulation of gene expression. Initially, NMD was described ...as a cellular surveillance or quality control process to promote selective recognition and rapid degradation of erroneous transcripts harboring a premature translation-termination codon (PTC). As estimated, one-third of mutated and disease-causing mRNAs were reported to be targeted and degraded by NMD, suggesting the significance of this intricate mechanism in maintaining cellular integrity. It was later revealed that NMD also elicits down-regulation of many endogenous mRNAs without mutations (~10% of the human transcriptome). Therefore, NMD modulates gene expression to evade the generation of aberrant truncated proteins with detrimental functions, compromised activities, or dominant-negative effects, as well as by controlling the abundance of endogenous mRNAs. By regulating gene expression, NMD promotes diverse biological functions during development and differentiation, and facilitates cellular responses to adaptation, physiological changes, stresses, environmental insults, etc. Mutations or alterations (such as abnormal expression, degradation, post-translational modification, etc.) that impair the function or expression of proteins associated with the NMD pathway can be deleterious to cells and may cause pathological consequences, as implicated in developmental and intellectual disabilities, genetic defects, and cancer. Growing evidence in past decades has highlighted NMD as a critical driver of tumorigenesis. Advances in sequencing technologies provided the opportunity to identify many NMD substrate mRNAs in tumor samples compared to matched normal tissues. Interestingly, many of these changes are tumor-specific and are often fine-tuned in a tumor-specific manner, suggesting the complex regulation of NMD in cancer. Tumor cells differentially exploit NMD for survival benefits. Some tumors promote NMD to degrade a subset of mRNAs, such as those encoding tumor suppressors, stress response proteins, signaling proteins, RNA binding proteins, splicing factors, and immunogenic neoantigens. In contrast, some tumors suppress NMD to facilitate the expression of oncoproteins or other proteins beneficial for tumor growth and progression. In this review, we discuss how NMD is regulated as a critical mediator of oncogenesis to promote the development and progression of tumor cells. Understanding how NMD affects tumorigenesis differentially will pave the way for the development of more effective and less toxic, targeted therapeutic opportunities in the era of personalized medicine.
Tropical forests are well-known as highly productive terrestrial ecosystems, which contribute significantly to the global carbon (C) cycle. Studies indicate a correlation between the structural ...diversity of forests and carbon stocks in the overall forest carbon stocks, and this relationship varies across tropical ecosystems. Understanding this connection is crucial to preventing the transfer of threats to unprotected areas when safeguarding specific forests. The present study was conducted in the undisturbed natural forests of Rema Kalenga Wildlife Sanctuary, Habigonj, Bangladesh. The study aimed to estimate C stocks within the soil-vegetation system of this forest ecosystem and elucidate relationships with stand structural diversity, focusing on vertical stratification and spatial association of tree species. Stand-level C stock models, constructed through tree-level carbon stocks using allometric equations, were based on stand variables such as basal area and mean or dominant tree height. Results identified five canopy strata, with strata two and three accounting for 60% of C stocks. The importance value index of tree species demonstrated a significant association with the C stocks contribution of tree species. The total ecosystem carbon stock ranged from 185 to 220 Mg ha−1, with aboveground 103 to 132 Mg ha−1, belowground 21 to 26 Mg ha−1, litter 2.4 to 4.4 Mg ha−1, dead wood 0.5 to 4.9 Mg ha−1 and soil 11 to 44 Mg ha−1. Species diversity indices exhibited weaker relationships with C stocks, while Pielou's evenness index demonstrated a strong negative relationship (P < 0.05) to C stocks. This comprehensive assessment provides insights into the C dynamics of the forest ecosystem. It offers valuable information for policymakers devising climate change mitigation strategies through the conservation management of tropical forests as crucial C sinks.
Clouding behavior and thermodynamic properties for the TX 100 + BSA mixture were investigated in aqueous and aq. alcoholic media. In an aqueous environment, the values of cloud point (CP), at which a ...clear solution becomes cloudy, for TX 100 decreases with augmentation of the concentration of BSA. The reverse result was obtained in the aq. alcoholic media. In this study, we have used ethanol (EtOH), 1-propanol (1-PrOH), and 2-butanol (2-BuOH) as alcohols. The changes of CP values in alcoholic media have been obtained in the following order: CPH2O+EtOH > CPH2O+2−BuOH > CPH2O+1−PrOH. The standard free energy (∆Gco), standard enthalpy (∆Hco), and standard entropy (∆Sco) changes of clouding were derived at CP. The ΔGc0 values of TX 100 + BSA decreases in the aqueous and alcoholic media with increasing the concentration of BSA and alcohol. This process becomes endothermic in the aq. alcoholic media. Different thermodynamic properties of transfer and entropy-enthalpy compensation parameters for the phase partitioning of the TX 100 + BSA mixture have been calculated and assessed properly.
We previously identified a novel nanomagnetic particle, N,N′‐bis(salicylidene)ethylenediamine iron Fe(Salen). Fe(Salen) not only shows antitumor effects but also magnetic properties. We found that ...Fe(Salen) can be used for magnet‐guided drug delivery and visualization of accumulated drug by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) because of its magnetism. In addition, Fe(Salen) can generate heat by itself when exposed to an alternating current magnetic field (AMF), resulting in a hyperthermia effect. Herein, we partly elucidated the antitumor mechanism of Fe(Salen) and carried out an i.v. repeated dose toxicity study to decide the therapeutic amount. Furthermore, we evaluated the antitumor effect of selective intra‐arterial injection or i.v. injection of Fe(Salen) by catheter and the hyperthermia effect of Fe(Salen) when exposed to AMF in vivo. We used a rabbit model grafted with VX2 cells (rabbit squamous cell carcinoma) on the right leg. Intra‐arterial injection of Fe(Salen) showed a greater antitumor effect than did i.v. injection. The combination of Fe(Salen) intra‐arterial injection and AMF exposure showed a greater antitumor effect than did either Fe(Salen) or methotrexate (MTX) without AMF exposure, suggesting that AMF exposure greatly enhanced the antitumor effect of Fe(Salen) by arterial injection by catheter. This is the first report that the effectiveness of Fe(Salen) was evaluated in the point of administration route; that is, selective intra‐arterial injection by catheter. Taken together, these results indicate a new administration route; that is, selective arterial injection of Fe(Salen) by catheter, and the development of a new strategy of simultaneous hyperthermia‐chemotherapy in the future.
We evaluated the antitumor effect of selective intra‐arterial injection or i.v. injection of Fe(Salen) by catheter and the hyperthermia effect of Fe(Salen) when exposed to AMF in vivo. We used a rabbit model grafted with VX2 cells (rabbit squamous cell carcinoma) on the right leg. Intra‐arterial infusion of Fe(Salen) showed a greater antitumor effect than did i.v. infusion. The combination of Fe(Salen) intra‐arterial injection and AMF exposure showed a greater antitumor effect than did either Fe(Salen) or methotrexate (MTX) alone, suggesting that AMF exposure greatly enhanced the anticancer effect of Fe(Salen) by arterial injection by catheter.
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