The effects of microencapsulating cardamom essential oil (CEO) in whey protein isolate (WPI) alone and combined with guar gum (GG) and carrageen (CG) on microencapsulation efficiency, oil chemical ...stability, and microcapsule structure were investigated. Freeze‐dried microcapsules were prepared from emulsions containing (w/w): 15% and 30% WPI; 0.1% GG, and 0.2% CG as wall materials with CEO (at 10% of polymer concentration) as core material, and physical properties and chemical stability were compared. Bulk density of microcapsules was highest in WPI without GG or CG and in 30% WPI + GG microcapsules, and was more affected by moisture content (r = −0.6) than by mean particle diameter (d₄₃; r = −0.2) and span (r = 0.1). Microcapsules containing only WPI had the highest entrapped oil (7.5%) and microencapsulation efficiency (98.5%). The concentrations of 1,8‐cineole and d‐limonene were used as indicators for microcapsule chemical stability since they were the main components of CEO. Microcapsules retained higher (P ≤ 0.05) concentrations of both components than non‐microencapsulated CEO during 16 wk storage at 20 ºC, but higher loss of both components was noted at 35 ºC. Microencapsulated d‐limonene was reduced faster than 1,8‐cineole regardless of temperature. The 30% WPI and 30% WPI + GG microcapsules retained CEO best throughout storage at both storage temperatures. Scanning electron micrographs revealed that WPI microcapsules had smooth surfaces, were relatively homogenous and regular in shape, whereas GG and CG addition increased visual surface porosity and reduced shape regularity. It was concluded that the best formulation for encapsulating CEO was 30% WPI.
Sterculia diversifolia, widely distributed in Jordan as an ornamental plant, is a synonoum for Brachychiton populneus. Phytochemical studies examining the volatile chemicals in Sterculia diversifolia ...leaves are limited, despite the rising demand for their numerous applications. Furthermore, it was only recently that a report described the friendly synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using aqueous extract derived from Brachychiton populneus leaves. Therefore, AgNPs were produced using either aqueous plant extracts (AgWPE) or ethanolic plant extracts (AgEPE), and Shimadzu GC-MS equipment was used to detect volatile compounds in the ethanolic leaf extracts. GC-MS profile of leaf ethanolic extracts of the Jordanian chemotypes of S. diversifolia revealed the existence of major components: (3β)-Lup-20(29)-en-3-ol acetate (30.97%) and 1-octadecyne (24.88). Other compounds are squalene (7.19%), germanicol (6.23), dl-α-tocopherol (5.24), heptacosane (4.41), phytol (3.54) and pentacosane (2.89). According to published studies, these reported chemicals have numerous uses, including as animal feed, vitamin precursors, possible eco-friendly herbicides, antioxidants, and anti-inflammatory agents. Aqueous extracts of S. diversifolia leaves had total phenolic of 5.33 mg GAE/g extract and flavonoid contents of 64.88 mg QE/g extract, respectively. The results indicated the contribution of phenolic and flavonoids to this plant’s anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. The reduction in AgNO3 to AgNPs using S. diversifolia leaf extracts was confirmed by the change in solution color from colorless to dark black. Further characterization was attempted by X-ray diffraction, Malvern zeta-sizer and scanning electron microscope. The efficacy of synthesized Ag nanoparticles using aqueous or ethanolic plant extract of S. diversifolia against the Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli and Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus showed appreciable activity at 25 µg/mL concentration compared to the source plant extracts.
Effect of antioxidant (BHA) and a whey protein isolate coating (WPIc) on lipid deterioration and organoleptic properties of baklava (BK) were investigated. Four batches of BK were prepared; the first ...and second batches were control and BK with WPIc, while the third and fourth were BK with BHA and BK with BHA and WPIc (BHA + WPIc). The samples were stratified in cardboard boxes, shrink‐wrapped, divided into three subsamples and stored at 30, 23 and 8°C for 4 months. The extent of lipid deterioration was monitored by hydrolytic rancidity (FFA%), peroxide value (PV), (7‐ketocholesterol), and organoleptic properties. The BHA + WPIc treatment significantly retarded the development of FFA%, PV and 7‐ketocholesterol and extended the shelf‐life to 2 months at 23°C and >4 months at 8°C. Storage time and temperature affected FFA%, whereas storage time affected PV. Strong off‐flavor was detected at 2 months and >4 months in the control and treated samples.
Practical applications
Baklava is a traditional, sweet bakery product, that is, very popular in the Mediterranean region. This product is rich in fat and nuts and is usually packaged in airtight shrink‐wrapped boxes. These boxes are normally kept loosely closed after each consumption session. Therefore, the product can suffer from early loss of package integrity and changes in quality from exposure to atmospheric oxygen. Work was undertaken to evaluate the addition of BHA to BK and application of WPI edible coatings for their effectiveness in retarding development of undesirable reactions in baklava during normal storage and consumer use.
Publications are an important measure of scientific and technological progress. The quantitative examination of the number of publications in a certain research topic is known as bibliometrics. ...Bibliographic studies are widely used to analyse the condition of research, future potential, and current growth patterns in a certain topic. It can serve as a basis for making decisions and implementing strategies to achieve long-term development goals. To our knowledge, no research has been conducted in these domains; so, this work aims to employ bibliometric analysis to provide comprehensive data on publications related to anticoccidial drugs. As a result, the current study uses bibliometric analysis to track the evolution of anticoccidial drugs and its consequences in the academic and public worlds via a survey of relevant scientific and popular publications. The Dimensions database was used to retrieve the bibliographical statistics, which were then cleaned and analyzed. The data was also loaded into the VOS viewer, which generated a network visualization of the authors with the most joint articles. The investigation discovered three stages of publications and citations since the first article on anticoccidial drugs in 1949. The first stage, which ran from 1920 to 1968, was characterized by a scarcity of research articles on anticoccidial drugs. From 1969 to 2000, the second stage was marked by a stable and marginally increased number of articles. The scientific field was characterized by an increasing trend in the number of publications and their citations from 2002 to 2021. The study gave a complete list of the top anticoccidial drugs funding agents, countries, research institutes, most cited publications, and important co-authorship and partnerships. The outcomes of the study will help veterinary practitioners and researchers understand the trends and best sources of knowledge in the field of anticoccidial medications.
Since the duration of clinical signs could be used to identify cases of chronic constipation, in addition, prolonged duration is often associated with irreversible changes. Thus, the main objective ...of this study was to determine whether the duration of clinical signs of idiopathic megacolon in cats affected their diagnosis and prognosis after treatment. Medical records of cats that either had confirmed megacolon for an unknown cause (cat patients) or with normal bowels (control cats) were reviewed. Cat patients were grouped based on the duration of their clinical signs (constipation/obstipation) to cats <6 months and ≥6 months. For all feline patients, abdominal radiographs (for colonic indexes) and resected colon specimens (for histology) were assessed vs. control cats. Treatment applied to cat patients was also evaluated. Cat patients were older (
= 0.0138) and had a higher maximum colon diameter (MCD; mean 41.25 vs. 21.67 mm,
< 0.0001) and MCD/L5L ratio (1.77 vs. 0.98,
< 0.0001) than controls. Compared to cats with <6 months, cats ≥6 months showed a higher MCD (43.78 vs. 37.12 mm,
< 0.0001) and MCD/L5L ratio (1.98 vs. 1.67,
< 0.0001). Histologically, increased thickness of the smooth muscularis mucosa (54.1 vs. 22.33 μm,
< 0.05), and inner circular (743.65 vs. 482.67 μm,
< 0.05) and outer longitudinal (570.68 vs. 330.33 μm,
< 0.05) smooth muscular layers of the muscularis externa was noted only in cat patients with ≥6 months compared to controls. Similarly, fewer ganglion cells (0.93 vs. 2.87,
< 0.005) and more necrotized myocytes (2.25 vs. 0.07,
< 0.005) were observed in cats with ≥6 months. In contrast to <6 months, the majority of cats (94.4%) with ≥6 months duration did not show any response to medical treatment and therefore underwent surgery with favorable results. In conclusion, this study suggests that the duration of clinical signs should be considered in conjunction with maximal colon scores to evaluate cats for idiopathic megacolon and determine the level of treatment. Functional abnormalities of the colonic smooth muscles may be a possible cause of idiopathic megacolon in cats.
Minimal processing methods could result in a very short product shelf life due to microbial and quality deteriorations. This study was undertaken to investigate the influence of blanching, freezing, ...dehydration and canning on the phenolic, flavonoid and carotenoid contents and antioxidant activities of carrots during storage. Carrot blanching resulted in a significant improvement in the phenolic, flavonoid and carotenoid contents and a reduction in DPPH (1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydazyl) inhibition activity compared with fresh carrot. Flavonoid and carotenoid contents of blanched carrot, e.g., were significantly (P < 0.05) increased from 0.029 in fresh samples to 0.038 (μg/g) and from 148.2 to 275.6 (μg/g), respectively. Phenolic, flavonoid and carotenoid content retention decreased from 70.8, 51.7 and 47.9% during the first month of storage to 57.3, 41.4 and 11.8% during the third month of storage. Carrot blanching resulted in a significant increase in the retention of phenolic, flavonoid and carotenoid contents from 100% to 113.5, 131.0 and 186.0%, respectively. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Minimally processed carrots have gained interests for their nutritional value and sensory attributes. However, due to the limited shelf life of these processed products, various heat treatments are in practice. Contradictory information on the effect of various processing on the phenolic, flavonoid and carotenoid contents and antioxidant activities of carrots during storage are currently available in the literature. With the increasing consumer demand for minimal processed food, results would provide essential information for consumer selection of processed carrots.
A new method was developed to determine the presence of some refined vegetable oils in olive oil based on the sum of campesterol and stigmasterol percentages. Model systems of corn, soybean, ...sunflower and cotton seed oils in olive oil at levels of 5%, 10% and 20% were prepared. The unsaponifiables of these model systems were analysed by GLC using polar column with high thermal stability. An olive oil authenticity factor based on the summation of campesterol and stigmasterol percentages was established as an indicator of olive oil adulteration with vegetable oils. The results indicate the possibility to detect the presence as little as 5% of these plant oils in olive oil.
This experiment was designed to investigate the impact of curcumin‐olive oil nanocomposite (CONC) supplementation on uteroplacental hemodynamics and ultrasonographic measurements as well as maternal ...oxidative status in midgestating goats. Twelve synchronized pregnant goats (85.58 ± 1.08 days of gestation; mean ± SD) were uniformly assigned to two groups (n = 6/group); the first group received daily oral supplementation of CONC (3 mg/kg body weight; nanocurcumin NC group) for 32 days, and the second group was offered physiological saline (control) following the NC group timeline. The goats of both groups were examined at 3‐day intervals for middle uterine (MUA) and umbilical (UMA) arteries hemodynamics (pulsatility index PI, resistive index RI, systole/diastole S/D and blood flow rate BFR) and diameters, uteroplacental thickness (UPT), placentomes' diameter (PD) and echogenicity, steroid hormones (progesterone and estradiol 17β), oxidative biomarkers (total antioxidant capacity TAC, catalase CAT, malondialdehyde MDA), nitric oxide (NO) and blood cells DNA integrity. The UPT (p = 0.012) and PD (p = 0.021) values were higher in the NC group than in their counterparts' control group (D11–32). There were increases in diameter (p = 0.021 and p = 0.012) and decreases (p = 0.021, p = 0.016 and p = 0.041 MUA; p = 0.015, p = 0.023 and p = 0.011 UMA respectively) in Doppler indices (PI, RI and S/D) of the MUA and UMA in the NC group compared to the control group (D14–32). On D20–32 (MUA) and D14–32 (UMA), the NC goats had higher BFR than the control group (p = 0.021, 0.018 respectively). The means of blood cells with fragmented DNA were lower (p = 0.022) in the NC group than in the control group on Days 8 and 21 postsupplementation. There were increases in CAT and NO (D20–32; p = 0.022 and p = 0.004 respectively), and TAC (D17–32; p = 0.007) levels in the NC goats compared to the control ones. The NC group had lower (p = 0.029) concentrations of MDA than the control group on Day 20 postsupplementation onward. In conclusion, oral supplementation of CONC improved uteroplacental blood flow and the antioxidant capacity of midgestating goats.
The main aim of this study was to investigate the influence of different coating materials, either alone or in combination, on fat uptake that occurred during deep-frying of minced chicken ...meat-balls. the data obtained showed that coatings made from whey protein isolate, carrageenan or starch all reduced the relative variation in fat-uptake and gave better results in this respect than a coating of breadcrumbs or a non-coated control. There was no effect of any coating material, or combination of materials, on the texture of the product or its density. All samples were found to be acceptable by a trained sensory panel, although there were small differences in sensory scores between some of the coating treatments that were statistically significant (P > 0.05). --Key words: coating materials, fat uptake, minced chicken meat-balls, deep-fat frying--
W3+-doped multicomponent B2O3-SiO2-ZnO-Na2O glasses in a range of concentrations (0–6 mol %) have been manufactured using the melt quenching method. The result of replacing Na2O with WO3 on the ...structure of zinc borosilicate glasses was examined using XRD. The density of the glass system has been determined using Archimedes' method. The substitution of Na2O with WO3 in the glass composition would result in increased density and a decrease in molar volume. The incorporated WO3 longitudinal velocities (VL m/s) increased from 4775 to 5120 and shear velocities (VS) increased from 2735 to 2955. The elastic moduli resulted in a uniform behavior when WO3 increased, and the values ranged from 72.6 to 121.1 GPa for longitudinal modulus, 23.8–40.3 GPa for shear modulus, 40.8–67.3 GPa for bulk modulus, and 59.8–100.9 GPa for Young’s modulus. The Debye temperature (θD) increases from 431.71 to 506.33 as an increase in WO3. Higher (θD) indicates stronger atomic bonds and stiffer glasses. The elastic moduli based on the Makishima-Mackenzie model have been investigated. The trend indicates an increase in (Lth) varied between 137.7 and 219.1 GPa, (Gth) ranged from 38.7 to 50.3 GPa, (K) ranged from 86.16 to 152 GPa, and (Y) varied between 95.6 and 128.8 GPa, with an increase in the concentration of WO3. The Phy-X program was used to determine the shielding characteristics for the samples, including mean free range (MFP), effective atomic number (Zeff), and neutron. Zeff increases along with WO3 concentration and MFP decreases. The increase in the (FNRCS) due to the rise in sample density is linked to the concentration of WO3. FNRCS (cm−1) values are 0.123 for SW0, 0.128 for SW1, 0.137 for SW2, 0.143 for SW4, and 0.162 for SW6. It was determined that SW6 had the best shielding capacity based on the MFP and Zeff values. This could have promising implications for various applications where radiation shielding or protection is necessary. This suggests that these glasses offer superior features that make them effective for shielding.
•21SiO2-13ZnO-(17-x) Na2O-xWO3 (0 ≤ x ≤ 6 mol %), glasses were manufactured.•Density increases along with their WO3 concentration.•Longitudinal velocities (VL) and shear velocities (VS) are increased.•It was determined that SW6 had the best shielding capacity.
