V príspevku je venovaná pozornosť problematike prevencie sociálno-patologických javov u detí a mládeže v rámci predmetu sociálnej pedagogiky a funkcií sociálneho pedagóga v ich historickom vývoji a v ...súčasnosti. Prevencia sociálnej patológie patrila k ťažiskovým problémom, ktorým sociálna pedagogika v Európe, ale aj v Slovenskej republike a Čechách venovala i venuje pozornosť.
V príspevku je venovaná pozornosť predhistórii, histórii a súčasnému stavu sociálnej pedagogiky u nás i v zahraničí. Sociálna pedagogika musí v súčasnosti riešiť viaceré problémy, s ktorými ...sa nedokázala vyrovnať počas svojej vyše 150-ročnej histórie. Ide najmä o precizáciu jej predmetu, terminológie, ujasnenie vzťahu k iným vedám, vymedzenie prioritných súčasných problémov a profesiogramu sociálneho pedagóga.
V príspevku sú analyzované niektoré dôsledky transformačných a integračných procesov na učiteľské vzdelávanie v Slovenskej republike. Ťažisková pozornosť je upriamená na štandardy ...učiteľského vzdelávania v zmysle bolonského procesu a nových požiadaviek na akreditáciu študijných odborov.
Detailed differentiation, classification, and phylogenetic analysis of the order Lactobacillales are performed using molecular techniques that involve the comparison of whole genomes, multilocus ...sequence analysis, DNA–DNA hybridisation, and 16S rRNA sequencing. Despite the wide application of the latter two techniques, issues associated with them are extensively discussed. Although complete genomic analyses are the most appropriate for phylogenetic studies, they are time-consuming and require high levels of expertise. Many phylogenetic/identification markers have been proposed for enterococci, lactobacilli, streptococci, and lactobacilli. However, none have been established for vagococci and some genera within the order
Lactobacillales
. The objective of the study was to find novel alternative housekeeping genes for classification, typing, and phylogenetic analysis of selected genera within the order
Lactobacillales
. We designed primers flanking variable regions of the
infB
(504 nt) and
rpsB
(333 nt) genes and amplified and sequenced them in 56 strains of different genera within the order
Lactobacillales
. Statistical analysis and characteristics of the gene regions suggested that they could be used for taxonomic purposes. Phylogenetic analyses, including assessment of (in)congruence between individual phylogenetic trees indicated the possibility of using the concatenation of the two genes as an alternative tool for the evaluation of phylogeny compared with the 16S rRNA gene representing the standard phylogenetic marker of prokaryotes. Moreover,
infB, rpsB
regions and their concatenate were phylogenetically consistent with two widely applied alternative genetic markers in taxonomy of particular
Lactobacillales
genera encoding the 60 kDa chaperonin protein (
GroEL
-
hsp60
) and phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase, alpha subunit (
pheS
).
Three bacterial strains belonging to the genus Lactobacillus were isolated from the digestive tracts of laboratory-reared bumblebee queens (Bombus terrestris) using MRS agar under anaerobic ...conditions. The isolates were identified according to 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis as undescribed members of the genus Lactobacillus, with the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity (96.9 %) to the uncharacterized bacterial strain Lactobacillus sp. Mboho2r2 isolated from the stomach of a European honeybee (Apis mellifera). Lactobacillus tucceti was found to be the closest related species with a validly published name, with 92.9 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to the type strain. However, phylogenetic analyses based on different markers revealed that this species is phylogenetically very distant from the novel strains. The DNA G+C content of the proposed type strain BTLCH M1/2(T) is 37.8 mol%. The fatty acids C(19 : 1)ω6c and/or C(19 : 0) cyclo ω10c/19ω6, C(18 : 1)ω9c and C(16 : 0) were predominant in all strains. Diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, a phospholipid, seven glycolipids and two phosphoglycolipids were detected in the novel strains. Growth was observed at 47 °C. The peptidoglycan type A4α L-Lys-D-Asp was determined for strain BTLCH M1/2(T). Genotypic characteristics and phylogenetic analyses based on the phylogenetic markers hsp60, pheS, rpoA and tuf as well as phenotypic characteristics and the results of chemotaxonomic analyses confirmed that the new isolates belong to a novel species of the genus Lactobacillus, for which the name Lactobacillus bombi sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is BTLCH M1/2(T) ( = DSM 26517(T) = CCM 8440(T)).
Three unknown Gram-stain-positive, catalase-negative, facultatively anaerobic and coccus-shaped strains of bacteria were isolated from the digestive tracts of wasps (Vespula vulgaris). Analysis of ...16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that these strains had identical sequences and showed that Vagococcus salmoninarum, with 96.2 % sequence similarity, was the closest phylogenetic neighbour. Further analyses based on hsp60 and pheS gene sequences of representatives of the family Enteroccocaceae and genotypic and phenotypic characterization using (GTG)5-PCR fingerprintings, EcoRI ribotyping, DNA G+C content, whole-cell protein profiling, cellular fatty acid profiles analysis and extensive biotyping confirmed that the investigated strains were representatives of a novel bacterial species within the genus Vagoccocus for which the name Vagoccocus entomophilus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is VOSTP2T ( = DSM 24756T = CCM 7946T).
Honey, which has been used as an ancient remedy for infected wounds, has been shown in laboratory studies to have antimicrobial action against a spectrum of bacteria and fungi. Because very little ...quantitative information exists on the microbiota of honey, the aim of this study was to quantify the Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, and Gammaproteobacteria groups in samples of honeydew honey and blossom honey from six regions in the Czech Republic, using quantitative real-time PCR analysis with specific primers based on the
gene. Gammaproteobacteria and Firmicutes were clearly the most abundant, predominating Actinobacteria in both types of honey. Most of the Firmicutes were detected in samples from South Bohemia (mean gene copies per 1 g honey: 5.6 × 10
) and Ústí nad Labem Region (3.7 × 10
), which contained the lowest number of Gammaproteobacteria (15.5 × 10
). The Actinobacteria were prevalent in samples from Plzeň (4.3 × 10
) and Central Bohemia (5.4 × 10
), where conversely the Firmicutes were least abundant. Honey thus contains bacterial species with probiotic activity and oligosaccharides which can act as prebiotics, suggesting that its incorporation into the human diet may potentially impart significant health benefits to consumers compared with ‘empty calories’ consumed as refined sugar.
Plant secondary metabolites present naturally in nectar, such as alkaloids, may change the behavioural responses of floral visitors and affect pollination. Some studies have shown that nectar ...containing low concentrations of these secondary metabolites is preferred by honey bee foragers over pure nectar. However, it remains unclear whether this is caused by dependence or addictive behaviour, a simple taste preference, or by other conditions such as self-medication. In our choice experiment, free-flying bees were presented with artificial flowers holding 20% sucrose containing 0.5−50 μg ml
of one of the naturally occurring nectar alkaloids - caffeine, nicotine, senecionine, and gelsemine. Nectar uptake was determined by weighing each flower and comparing the weight to that of the control flower. Our experimental design minimized memorizing and marking; despite this, caffeine was significantly preferred at concentrations 0.5−2 μg ml
over control nectar; this preference was not observed for other alkaloids. All of the compounds tested were repellent at concentrations above 5 μg ml
. We confirmed previous reports that bees exhibit a preference for caffeine, and hypothesize that this is not due only to addictive behaviour but is at least partially mediated by taste preference. We observed no significant preference for nicotine or any other alkaloid.
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