The purpose of the study is to investigate and compare consumers 'food safety perceptions in three Mediterranean countries (Greece, Italy, and Spain). A survey was carried out based on a structured ...questionnaire focusing on food safety-related issues concerning food characteristics, the labeling of systems implemented by food companies such as the Quality Management System and the Food Safety Management System, consumer trust in the food supply chain, and consumer illusion of food control. Information was collected from individuals located in those three countries (2,664 respondents), which share common characteristics. The results indicate that there is a significant heterogeneity in consumers 'food safety perceptions in the three countries. The Spanish sample has the greatest level of trust in the supply chain in terms of food safety and the highest level of illusion of food control. The Italians evaluate the food characteristics and the QMS-FSMS's labeling higher than the Spanish and the Greeks. This multinational study brings to light the different types of food safety concerns of consumers from three Mediterranean countries. Keywords: Food safety, Food characteristics, QMS-FSMS's labeling, Trust, Illusion of control.
Purpose
The European Ecolabel (EU Flower) has the mission to encourage cleaner production and influence consumers to promote Europe’s transition to a circular economy. Nonetheless, little is known ...about EU Ecolabel evolution; it is not clear what the drivers that encourage its implementation are. Thus, this study aims to assess the growing acceptance of the EU Ecolabel in the European Union, and Spain more specifically, by examining product and service categories and geographical regions.
Methods
The methodological approach taken in this study is a mixed methodology based on the triangulation method by consulting the EU Ecolabel scheme database, EU Ecolabel delegates from some autonomous regions, and the academic literature. Also, a geographic analysis was run in the ArcGIS Software with data about the accumulation of licenses assigned in 2016.
Results and discussion
The analysis shows that most products in Spain that have been awarded the EU Ecolabel belong to the following categories: Do-It-Yourself Products (paint and varnish), Paper Products, Cleaning Up Products, and Electronic Equipment. At the same time, the study showed that this ecolabel faces significant obstacles in its diffusion, such as the competition with environmental labels launched previously in Europe and other regional labels.
Conclusions
The results of this study indicate the existence of five drivers that may encourage the implementation of EU Flower in a region: (1) public management, (2) communication strategy, (3) sustainable public procurement criteria, (4) local income per capita, and (5) international trade incentives.
Finally, this study provides essential recommendations for policymakers to trigger ecolabeling practices such as the need to improve the understanding of the EU ecolabel impact in different levels of activity, which means countries, regions, industrial clusters, firms, and consumers. Also, this investigation identifies areas for further research, and it expresses the need to develop business case studies about ecolabeling with the objective to visualize this phenomenon as an eco-innovation process.
The growing importance of the concept of the circular economy as a way to attain sustainable development has encouraged scholars to propose different ways to understand it. Given the large number of ...studies done on the circular economy, their differing approaches and their multiple applications, this paper attempts to propose a consensus view of the basic notions of the circular economy framework and highlight its relationship with eco-innovation. To that end, this study carried out a systematic literature review that resulted in four main outputs: a knowledge map of the circular economy, an analysis of the main notions of the concept, principles, and determinants of a circular economy. Finally, this study brings to light some remarkable examples of eco-innovations developed for implementation in the circular economy.
Purpose: This research analyzes the maturity of environmental management as well as the degree
of to which the Circular Economy has been implemented in Basque SMEs.
Design/methodology/approach: A ...total of 17 case studies were carried out in industrial
SMEs companies in the Basque Country.
Findings: The main results show that companies are limited to complying with the law and in
many cases are worried about the image of the company, although they are not committed to
environmental issues. There is still a lot to do in SMEs, as they are the companies that face the
biggest challenges due to a lack of resources.
Originality/value: Circular Economy aims to change a linear economy into promoting
sustainability of the economy while also engaging in sustainable environmental protection. This
research has focused on small and medium enterprises as they represent a 99% of companies in
Europe and they are the ones that have the most difficulty reaching a stage of environmental
excellence due to their limited resources.
•The design of eco-innovative products and services is essential in the circular economy.•Biomimicry allows inspiration from nature to solve human problems.•Future business managers should learn to ...innovate based on bioinspiration.•Biomimicry and creative problem-solving was used to design eco-innovative products.•Creativity thinking skills play an important role in business management.
Biomimicry is a sustainable design strategy that harnesses the understanding of nature and its efficient resource utilization. However, the academic literature needs comprehensive methodologies for applying biomimicry across various fields of study and professions. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of teaching a fusion of biomimicry and Creative Problem Solving (CPS) processes to management students tasked with designing eco-innovative products.
Equipped with prior training in sustainability, biomimicry, creativity, and innovation, the students undertook a challenge to create a sustainable backpack using biomimicry within the CPS framework. To evaluate the training's effectiveness, systematic content analysis was applied to assess the usefulness and features of students’ output. Additionally, a survey was administered to gauge the impact of this experience on the students’ learning.
The results suggest that the CPS approach effectively facilitated the students’ development of sustainable products, even without a background in natural sciences, resource availability, or technology. These findings encourage the development of training workshops for future managers who may initially doubt their ability to propose sustainable products. Furthermore, insights from these pilot courses may inspire educators and the broader academic community to incorporate sustainable design strategies into their curriculum, leveraging valuable creative skills to address global challenges and future employment opportunities.
Purpose: The circular economy is a key issue for any company, city, or institution. The linear economy model, based on "take, make, use and waste" of products and resources, has discarded potentially ...valuable resources and caused serious contamination problems. In contrast, the circular economy (CE) model is a strategic paradigm whose purpose is to regenerate and conserve resources through closed material loops and the sustainable use of energy in its processes. Therefore, a growing number of companies are applying different tools and techniques to implement the CE principles to innovate their products, services, and processes, achieving promising results. Thus, the main objective of this study is to suggest an implementation model named “Circular clock” based on a set of tools and techniques which firms may use for implementing CE.Design/methodology/approach: The paper presents an empirical analysis based on the triangulation method that includes three different data sources: semi-structured interviews in Spain, academic literature and books, and non-academic publications from institutions and consultancy firms. Findings: The most relevant result of this study is the proposal of a Circular Clock model for circular economy implementation is based on six fields of action define in the academic literature: take, make, distribute, use, recover, and industrial symbiosis. Moreover, this study may serve as guidance in facilitating the strategic adoption of eco-innovation practices in firms' transition to a CE. Research limitations/implications: The sample of companies that participated in the triangulation is exploratory; however, this limitation is overcome by reviewing academic literature and institutional reports. On the other hand, academics could expand the selection of tools with subsequent studies.Practical implications: The current study is based on the triangulation method, which was vital to balance the theory and practice provided by academic sources, reports, and books. In addition, this study has improved our understanding of the goals or intentions that may motivate firms to implement the CE and align them with the suggested set of tools. Consequently, this study is relevant to support practitioners in selecting a tool based on the goal they want to achieve towards circular economy implementation.Social implications: This research suggests several tools; however, each organization could adapt some that it already knows. Therefore, firms and implementation leaders should customize the circle with short lines in each case. Moreover, the clock bells represent the deadline considering that every CE implementation process requires a deadline to ensure its success in micro-level or firms.Originality/value: The "circular clock" provides a didactic way for sustainability leaders, consultants, or companies to facilitate the implementation of the circular economy by choosing the field of action on which they want to focus and the most appropriate tool according to their strategy, objective, and budget. Therefore, this model is based on the balance between theory and practice.
Purpose: The circular economy has multiple benefits and opportunities to achieve sustainability and a better future for the next generations. The purpose of this paper is to propose a methodology ...that guides step-by-step any industrial SMEs in the transition from the linear to a circular model. Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) have a crucial role in the sustainable development transition, considering that they represent most of the world's companies. Design/methodology/approach: To develop this methodology, two research techniques were used: a focus group and storyboarding. Findings: The resulting methodology, called Ecopyme, comprises five steps: 1) Firm identity, 2) Diagnosis, 3) Planning, 4) Get the ball rolling, and 5) Assessment and feedback. In addition, two key criteria that must be included in the whole process were identified: value creation in the firm through a circular economy and organization commitment from the top management to the staff. Research limitations/implications: The Ecopyme methodology has two limitations: It does not propose either implementation tools or involve consumers and actors at the meso (e.g., Eco-industrial parks) and macro (e.g., cities, provinces, countries) levels. Practical implications: This study will help policymakers understand the SMEs' perspective and remove barriers that may hinder the paradigm shift. The methodology is also a useful tool for consultants and entrepreneurs to incorporate the circular economy (CE) principles into their business. Originality/value: In the CE literature, little attention has been paid to proposing a structured methodology to implement CE in SMEs. Thus, the study provides a step-by-step methodology that guides any industrial SMEs to transition from linear to circular. Also, it provides additional evidence concerning the importance of human commitment in changing firms' paradigm because people can encourage the adoption of responsible production practices if firms commit CEOs, sustainability managers, and staff.
The important role of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in most economies underpins this research, which develops an empirical analysis that allows us to explore the potential for implementation of ...the Circular Economy in SMEs and the barriers and opportunities they may distinguish from it. To that end, a survey was carried out in Navarra and the Basque Country, Spain. The main results show that companies are focused on complying with the law and, in many cases, they are worried about their company’s image. Moreover, they do not tend to be committed to environmental issues because they do not think it would increase their profits and competitiveness. The focus on cost savings became clear from the Factor Analysis applied to the Take-Transform and Recovery phases of the Circular Economy. In this sense, three factors were associated with the companies’ perception of the Circular Economy: 1) Material Provision, 2) Resources’ Reutilization and 2) Financial Advantage. With regard to the barriers, another Factor Analysis suggested two different categories of barriers: Hard barriers and Human-based barriers, each requiring different strategies for addressing them, must be considered. Finally, the study briefly examines the integration opportunities between SMEs with other companies and industry associations or clusters to develop industrial symbiosis and close their materials loop.
Limited data are available regarding fit and healthy patients with pneumonia at different ages. We evaluated the association of age with clinical presentation, serotype and outcomes among healthy and ...well-functioning patients hospitalized for bacteremic pneumococcal community-acquired pneumonia.
We performed a prospective cohort study of consecutive healthy and well-functioning patients hospitalized for this type of pneumonia. Patients were stratified into younger (18 to 64 years) and older (≥65 years) groups.
During the study period, 399 consecutive patients were hospitalized with bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia. We included 203 (50.8%) patients who were healthy and well-functioning patients, of whom 71 (35%) were classified as older. No differences were found in antibiotic treatment, treatment failure rate, antibiotic resistance, or serotype, except for serotype 7F that was less common in older patients. In the adjusted multivariate analysis, the older patients had higher 30-day mortality (OR 6.83; 95% CI 1.22-38.22; P = 0.028), but were less likely to be admitted to the ICU (OR 0.14; 95% CI 0.05-0.39; P < 0.001) and had shorter hospital stays (OR 0.71; 95% CI 0.54-0.94; P = 0.017).
Healthy and well-functioning older patients have higher mortality than younger patients, but nevertheless, ICU admission was less likely and hospital stays were shorter. These results suggest that the aging process is a determinant of mortality, beyond the functional status of patients with bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia.
The circular economy (CE) has emerged as a sustainable alternative to the linear model of production and consumption of products and services. Consumers are key actors in the circular economy loop, ...yet consumer behaviour and decision-making remain at the periphery of research in this area. To close this gap and to promote related academic research we perform a systematic literature review, analysing the main areas of research in the CE relating to consumer behaviour and decision-making. The results show that there are six main areas that link consumer and CE: consumer behaviour, purchase intention and sustainable consumption; lifetime and reparability; recycled plastics, upcycling, e-waste and innovation. These areas seem incomplete and focused on a relatively small number of sectors. Further, while attitude and knowledge are the most influential elements in the consumer's buying decision-making process, our analysis shows significant gaps in current research in this regard. A key element of consumer behaviour, the post-purchase phase relating to “use”, “recycle” and “upcycle” was found to still be obscure. We provide recommendations on how this gap can be filled.
Display omitted
•Six clusters were identified relating to the circular economy and the consumer.•The consumer decision-making process is extensively studied, except for the “post-purchase” phase.•Consumer’ education is a key antecedent of consumer decision-making.•The level of consumer involvement is significant in the decision-making process.•Several future research directions are presented regarding the consumer and the CE.
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