The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between Korean pharmacy students' empathy and psychological need satisfaction and their levels of burnout and psychological well-being, using ...structural equation modeling.
The participants were 452 pharmacy students from five South Korean universities. The Jefferson Scale of Empathy (Health Professions Students version), the Activity-Feeling States Scale, and the Maslach Burnout Inventory-Student Survey were used to assess empathy, psychological need satisfaction, and burnout, respectively. Psychological well-being was measured with the Mood Rating Scale, Self-Esteem Scale, and Satisfaction With Life Scale. The fits of the measurement and structural regression (SR) models with data on the four variables were evaluated using the Tucker-Lewis index (TLI), incremental fit index (IFI), comparative fit index (CFI), and root mean-square error of approximation (RMSEA) using AMOS 18.0.
A total of 447 students (98.9%) completed the survey. The measurement model showed adequate fit indices; all hypothesized factor loadings were significant. The proposed SR model also showed an acceptable fit (TLI = 0.92, IFI = 0.94, CFI = 0.94, RMSEA = 0.072); each path was supported except the path from empathy to burnout (β = 0.005). Empathy was positively associated with psychological well-being (β = 0.18). Perceived satisfaction of psychological needs was positively related to psychological well-being (β = 0.59), but strongly and negatively related to burnout (β = - 0.71). The model explained 50 and 44% of variances in burnout and psychological well-being, respectively.
Pharmacy students' empathy and psychological needs should be considered in pharmacy education systems to promote psychological adjustment.
Emerging near-surface remote sensing techniques have advanced our ability to monitor forest canopy phenology. Thus far, however, little effort has been made to monitor the phenologies of the various ...canopies of multi-layer forests separately, despite their importance in regulating forest biogeochemical cycles. Here we report phenological changes in multi-layer canopies of deciduous broadleaf and evergreen needleleaf forests in the Republic of Korea during the spring of 2013. We installed light-emitting diode (LED) sensors at four different canopy heights at two sites to measure the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) using red and near-infrared (NIR) spectral reflectance and to estimate leaf area index (LAI) using the blue band gap fraction. LED-sensors identified leaf-out dates of over- and understory canopies at both sites; leaves unfolded 8–11days earlier in the understory canopy than the overstory canopy. At the deciduous forest site, LED-NDVI failed to capture the leaf-out date in the overstory canopy, because all four LED-sensors started to see green-up from the understory canopy while the overstory canopy was leafless. LED-LAI identified different leaf-out dates for the over- and understory canopy, because the gap fraction was measured explicitly for each canopy layer. In the evergreen forest site, LED-NDVI signals between the top of the tower and beneath the overstory canopy were decoupled because of the dense evergreen overstory canopy. Both LED-NDVI and LED-LAI identified new needle expansion in the overstory canopy and understory canopy development. MODIS NDVI agreed well with LED-NDVI data (R2=0.96, RMSE=0.04) at the deciduous forest site, and we discovered that understory canopy development determined the onset of greenness based on MODIS NDVI data. LED-LAI data agreed well with independent estimates from the other instruments, indicating that LED-sensors could be used to monitor multi-layer canopy LAI. Continuous, in-situ observation of multi-layer canopy phenology will aid in the interpretation of satellite remote sensing phenology products and improve land surface models that adopt a multi-layer canopy model.
•LED-sensors can measure NDVI and LAI concurrently at multiple canopy depths.•Integration of NDVI and LAI can monitor multi-layer canopy phenology accurately.•Understory canopy development determined the onset of greenness in MODIS NDVI.
•We develop harmonic background field extension based on physics-informed GAN.•Our method mitigates propagated error from background field removal in limited FOV.•Physics-informed loss shows improved ...results of extended harmonic field.•Outperforms conventional background field removal algorithms alone in limited FOV.•Overcomes susceptibility underestimation of QSM in limited FOV.
Quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) is frequently employed in investigating brain iron related to brain development and diseases within deep gray matter (DGM). Nonetheless, the acquisition of whole-brain QSM data is time-intensive. An alternative approach, focusing the QSM specifically on areas of interest such as the DGM by reducing the field-of-view (FOV), can significantly decrease scan times. However, severe susceptibility value underestimations have been reported during QSM reconstruction with a limited FOV, largely attributable to artifacts from incorrect background field removal in the boundary region. This presents a considerable barrier to the clinical use of QSM with small spatial coverages using conventional methods alone.
To mitigate the propagation of these errors, we proposed a harmonic field extension method based on a physics-informed generative adversarial network. Both quantitative and qualitative results demonstrate that our method outperforms conventional methods and delivers results comparable to those obtained with full FOV. Furthermore, we demonstrate the versatility of our method by applying it to data acquired prospectively with limited FOV and to data from patients with Parkinson's disease. The method has shown significant improvements in local field results, with QSM outcomes. In a clear illustration of its feasibility and effectiveness in real clinical environments, our proposed method addresses the prevalent issue of susceptibility underestimation in QSM with small spatial coverage.
•We assessed basin-scale evapotranspiration (ET) in annual precipitation (P) extremes.•The regional ET decreased in the severely large-P year and increased in small-P year.•Limiting factor in ET was ...the available energy during summer under monsoon climate.•Leaf area index was the key factor to determine spatial distribution of ET responses.•The regional ET was invariable in terms of water balance, regardless of P extremes.
Understanding basin-scale evapotranspiration (ET) is an important issue for the management of regional water resources, especially with the recent trend of intensified precipitation (P). This study assessed the spatial and temporal variations of regional ET in response to P extremes, for various types of land-cover across the Youngsan River basin in Korea.
The spatial distribution of monthly P and ET from 2001 to 2009 were estimated using rainfall records from 40 weather stations located across the basin and a satellite-derived, process-based ET model Breathing Earth System Simulator (BESS) (Ryu et al., 2011), respectively. The study periods were focused on the recent years with abnormally large, small and normal P, which were identified from anomalies in the z-sores of long-term (1973–2011) rainfall records. The variation of regional ET was assessed in terms of: (1) the controlling factors, using the statistics of related meteorological and geographical data, (2) a water-energy balance, using Budyko’s framework, and (3) the water balance of four selected watersheds in the region, using the partitioning of annual P into ET and riverflow discharge (Q).
The total annual ET of this region decreased in abnormally large-P year and increased in small-P year, because the ET in July to August (which accounts for more than 36% of annual ET) was limited by the available energy rather than available water due to the summer monsoon. In terms of land cover types, forests showed larger interannual variability in ET than paddy fields or cropland, with the differences in ET between large and small-P years being 108 and 82mmyr−1, respectively. The sensitivity of annual ET to P extremes was significantly related to the leaf area index (LAI), rather than soil properties, topography, or specific land-cover type (p<0.05, generalized linear model). However, the interannual variations of ET were not large (15–18%) compared to those of annual P (51–62%) and Q (108–232%) during 2002–2009. Thus, vegetation played a consistent role in releasing water back to the regional atmosphere through ET, regardless of P extremes.
Several genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have been performed to identify variants related to chronic diseases. Somatic variants in cancer tissues are associated with cancer development and ...prognosis. Expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) and methylation QTL (mQTL) analyses were performed on chronic disease-related variants in TCGA dataset.
MuTect2 calling variants for 33 cancers from TCGA and 296 GWAS variants provided by LocusZoom were used. At least one mutation was found in TCGA 22 cancers and LocusZoom 23 studies. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differentially methylated regions (DMRs) from the three cancers (TCGA-COAD, TCGA-STAD, and TCGA-UCEC). Variants were mapped to the world map using population locations of the 1000 Genomes Project (1GP) populations. Decision tree analysis was performed on the discovered features and survival analysis was performed according to the cluster.
Based on the DEGs and DMRs with clinical data, the decision tree model classified seven and three nodes in TCGA-COAD and TCGA-STAD, respectively. A total of 11 variants were commonly detected from TCGA and LocusZoom, and eight variants were selected from the 1GP variants, and the distribution patterns were visualized on the world map.
Variants related to tumors and chronic diseases were selected, and their geological regional 1GP-based proportions are presented. The variant distribution patterns could provide clues for regional clinical trial designs and personalized medicine.
Preventing security breaches against information asset is one of the key concerns that face an organization. Organizations create information security policies (ISP) to protect information assets ...against internal misuse. Yet, it is unclear how organizations motivate users to comply with such policies. While existing studies have focused on control-based (administrator controlled) ISP, our study examines user compliance with empowermentbased (user-controlled) ISP. The study aims to compare users' compliance determinants between control-based ISP and empowerment-based ISP. We propose a research model and report the results of a pilot test, expected findings, and study contributions.
Drawing on original data on father involvement from a study of 1,684 respondents in 10 Middle Eastern countries, this article explores the intersection of father involvement with gender, geography ...(Gulf Cooperation Council GCC vs. non-GCC), and generations, with educational attainment. To examine these relationships, we conducted a series of ANOVAs and regressions, supplemented with qualitative interview data. Overall, we find that fathers are perceived to be more encouraging of their daughters' education than their sons', that fathers from the GCC are perceived as less involved in their children's education, and that younger fathers are perceived to be more involved in their children's education than older ones. We also find that children who perceived their fathers as encouraging and good providers are associated with higher educational attainment. However, this article underscores the need for further research on the nature and impact of father involvement on education in the Middle East.
As the importance of information assets increases, employees are increasingly required to comply with organisational policies for information security (InfoSec). Since security-related demands lead ...to stressful situations, employees are likely to bypass security policies to perform their tasks. Extant literature does not sufficiently address the detrimental factors of information system security policies (ISSP). This study investigates employees' emotional reactions to ISSP compliance from the perspectives of technostress and coping. The aim of this study is to identify behaviour antecedents of frustration in the context of InfoSec and provide factors for mitigating the negative effects of frustration on ISSP compliance intentions. This study followed a survey approach and conducted structural equation modelling using the WarpPLS program to examine its research model and hypotheses. The survey respondents comprised employees who used an enterprise digital rights management system. The results demonstrated that frustration negatively affected employees' intentions to comply with ISSP, but these negative effects of frustration decreased when autonomy was granted. Further, this study provides critical new insights on ISSP compliance from an emotional perspective.
Abstract This study, conducted in the United Arab Emirates, piloted a curriculum to increase early grade reading fluency. A curriculum with enhanced perceptual features, such as font size and spacing ...was used with grade one students in four schools to detect any significant difference in students’ reading speed and reading accuracy after one year. Three hundred forty-five grade one students participated in the pilot—174 in the intervention group and 171 in the control group (ds= 0.33 0.47). At the end of the year, students in the intervention group read more letters and words correctly on average in one minute (p <.01) and in an entire text (p <.01 for letters; p <.001 for words) than those in the control group. These results suggest that curriculum with perceptual enhancement may be useful in facilitating early Arabic reading fluency.
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