Catalytic transfer hydrogenation (CTH) has recently emerged as a highly attractive approach for achieving biomass-based hydrogenation due to its avoidance of high-pressure fossil-derived H 2 and ...potentially reduced process costs. As numerous studies relating to the CTH of furfural (FF) have been reported recently, it is quite urgent to systematically review the recent advances, especially those in which excellent catalytic performance is achieved over simple solid acid–base catalysts. In this review, recent advances relating to the CTH of FF over heterogeneous catalysts, including metal catalysts and solid acid–base catalysts, are extensively summarized. Some potential research trends for the design of more effective catalysts and the realization of the practical industrial production of furfuryl alcohol (FFA) via CTH are also proposed. As acidic or basic sites always play an important role during biomass conversion, the great progress made in the area of CTH also provides great potential for other reactions, especially reductive functionalization.
Lithium‐ion batteries with routine carbonate electrolytes cannot exhibit satisfactory fast‐charging performance and lithium plating is widely observed at low temperatures. Herein we demonstrate that ...a localized high‐concentration electrolyte consisting of 1.5 M lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide in dimethoxyethane with bis(2,2,2‐trifluoroethyl) ether as the diluent, enables fast‐charging of working batteries. A uniform and robust solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) can be achieved on graphite surface through the preferential decomposition of anions. The established SEI can significantly inhibit ether solvent co‐intercalation into graphite and achieve highly reversible Li+ intercalation/de‐intercalation. The graphite | Li cells exhibit fast‐charging potential (340 mAh g−1 at 0.2 C and 220 mAh g−1 at 4 C), excellent cycling stability (ca. 85.5 % initial capacity retention for 200 cycles at 4 C), and impressive low‐temperature performance.
The unique solvation structure in a localized high‐concentration electrolyte can suppress co‐intercalation of ether solvent into the graphite interlayers and render fast‐charging of practical lithium‐ion batteries.
Solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) has been widely employed to describe the new phase formed between anode and electrolyte in working batteries. Significant advances have been achieved on the ...structure and composition of SEI as well as on the possible ion transport mechanism. However, the nucleation and growth mechanism of SEI catches little attention, which requires the establishment of isothermal electrochemical crystallization theory. Herein we explore the virgin territory of electrochemically crystallized SEI. By using potentiostatic method to regulate the decomposition of anions, an anion‐derived SEI forms on graphite surface at atomic scale. After fitting the cur‐rent‐time transients with Laviron theory and Avrami formula, we conclude that the formation of anion‐derived interface is surface reaction controlled and obeys the two‐dimensional (2D) progressive nucleation and growth model. Atomic force microscope (AFM) images emphasize the conclusion, which reveals the mystery of isothermal electrochemical crystallization of SEI.
The nucleation and growth behavior of anion‐derived SEI on graphite electrode is revealed, the number of nucleation sites increases progressively, and each nucleus undergoes 2D growth before overlapping with others. Only when the whole electrode surface is completely covered by reduced products, an ion‐conducting but electron‐insulating polycrystalline film forms, which marks the end of SEI growth.
With the impetus to accelerate worldwide market adoption of electrical vehicles and afford consumer electronics with better user experience, advancing fast-charging technology is an inevitable trend. ...However, current high-energy lithium-ion batteries are unable to support ultrafast power input without any adverse consequences, with the capacity fade and safety concerns of the mainstream graphite-based anodes being the key technological barrier. The aim of this review is to summarise the fundamentals, challenges, and solutions to enable graphite anodes that are capable of high-rate charging. First, we explore the complicated yet intriguing graphite-electrolyte interface during intercalation based on existing theories. Second, we analyse the key dilemmas facing fast-charging graphite anodes. Finally, some promising strategies proposed during the past few years are highlighted so as to outline current trends and future perspectives in this field.
Fundamentals, challenges, and solutions towards fast-charging graphite anodes are summarized in this review, with insights into the future research and development to enable batteries suitable for fast-charging application.
The enthusiasm for immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), an efficient tumor treatment model different from traditional treatment, is based on their unprecedented antitumor effect, but the occurrence ...of immune-related adverse events (irAEs) is an obstacle to the prospect of ICI treatment. IrAEs are a discrete toxicity caused by the nonspecific activation of the immune system and can affect almost all tissues and organs. Currently, research on biomarkers mainly focuses on the gastrointestinal tract, endocrine system, skin and lung. Several potential hypotheses concentrate on the overactivation of the immune system, excessive release of inflammatory cytokines, elevated levels of pre-existing autoantibodies, and presence of common antigens between tumors and normal tissues. This review lists the current biomarkers that might predict irAEs and their possible mechanisms for both nonspecific and organ-specific biomarkers. However, the prediction of irAEs remains a major clinical challenge to screen and identify patients who are susceptible to irAEs and likely to benefit from ICIs.
The rural urban income gap in China ranks as one of the largest in the world. This imbalanced rural urban relationship and the associated socioeconomic disparity have caused a weak and inefficient ...resource allocation, harmed the country's long-term economic development, and led to scores of socioeconomic problems. Concurrent with the widening rural urban income gap, China has been transformed by rapid urbanization. However, to date, there is limited understanding of the links between urbanization forces and this rural urban income disparity. This study uses the dynamic panel data model to investigate the influence of both economic and institutional urbanization forces and other socioeconomic factors on China's rural urban income disparity. Our results show that two economic urbanization factors—rural productivity and urban productivity—have contrasting effects on this income disparity. While rural productivity can significantly narrow the rural urban income disparity, urban productivity can positively contribute to widening the rural urban income disparity. We also find that the hukou openness policy negatively affects the rural urban income disparity with a one-year lag. Finally, consistent with the Kuznets theory, per capita GDP and urban population size both negatively correlate with the rural urban income disparity. Our findings provide insights into why rapid urbanization and the widening of the rural urban income gap coexist in China. Moreover, our results provide clear policy implications on how to mitigate the disparity. The most compelling suggestion is that sustainable agricultural productivity improvement is critical to achieving the goal of mitigating the income gap between rural and urban areas.
•Rapid urbanization and a wide rural urban income gap coexist in China.•Rural productivity narrows the rural urban income gap.•Urban productivity widens the rural urban income gap.•Agricultural productivity improvement is critical to mitigate the gap.
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is an Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated malignancy with a complex tumor ecosystem. How the interplay between tumor cells, EBV, and the microenvironment contributes to ...NPC progression and immune evasion remains unclear. Here we performed single-cell RNA sequencing on ~104,000 cells from 19 EBV
NPCs and 7 nonmalignant nasopharyngeal biopsies, simultaneously profiling the transcriptomes of malignant cells, EBV, stromal and immune cells. Overall, we identified global upregulation of interferon responses in the multicellular ecosystem of NPC. Notably, an epithelial-immune dual feature of malignant cells was discovered and associated with poor prognosis. Functional experiments revealed that tumor cells with this dual feature exhibited a higher capacity for tumorigenesis. Further characterization of the cellular components of the tumor microenvironment (TME) and their interactions with tumor cells revealed that the dual feature of tumor cells was positively correlated with the expression of co-inhibitory receptors on CD8
tumor-infiltrating T cells. In addition, tumor cells with the dual feature were found to repress IFN-γ production by T cells, demonstrating their capacity for immune suppression. Our results provide new insights into the multicellular ecosystem of NPC and offer important clinical implications.
Since the 2008 global financial crisis, the United States, Britain, Germany, and other developed Western countries have regarded manufacturing as a driving force for economic revitalization. The ...United States proposed the concept of advanced manufacturing and issued a series of policies to ensure its leading position in the manufacturing industry by promoting the development of advanced manufacturing. Advanced manufacturing is the only way for China to move from a large manufacturing country to a powerful manufacturing country, and it is also the direction of manufacturing development. Therefore, it has received great interest from officials and academics. However, as it is difficult to define the categories of advanced manufacturing in national statistical standards, only a few studies have focused on the definition and policies of advanced manufacturing and a case study on the spatial-temporal patterns at the urban level under the influence of local policies. There have been no studies on the spatial-tempor
A facile and efficient visible-light-driven method has been developed to construct sulfoxides via oxidative coupling of aryldiazo sulfones with thiols using the O 2 in air as the oxidant. This ...reaction could be performed at room temperature under catalyst- and additive-free conditions. The present methodology offers a mild and environmentally benign approach to obtain a library of sulfoxides in good yields with favorable functional group tolerance.
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