We analyze the longitudinal–transverse double-spin asymmetry in lepton–nucleon collisions where a single hadron is detected in the final state, i.e., ℓ→N↑→hX. This is a subleading-twist observable in ...collinear factorization, and we look at twist-3 effects in both the transversely polarized nucleon and the unpolarized outgoing hadron. Results are anticipated for this asymmetry from both HERMES and Jefferson Lab Hall A, and it could be measured as well at COMPASS and a future Electron–Ion Collider. We also perform a numerical study of the distribution term, which, when compared to upcoming experimental results, could allow one to learn about the “worm-gear”-type function g˜(x) as well as assess the role of quark–gluon–quark correlations in the initial-state nucleon and twist-3 effects in the fragmenting unpolarized hadron.
We analyze single-spin asymmetries (SSAs) in the leptoproduction of transversely polarized Λ hyperons within the collinear twist-3 formalism. We calculate both the distribution and fragmentation ...terms in two different gauges (lightcone and Feynman) and show that the results are identical. This is the first time that the fragmentation piece has been analyzed for transversely polarized hadron production within the collinear twist-3 framework. In lightcone gauge we use the same techniques that were employed in computing the analogous piece in p↑p→πX, which has become an important part to that reaction. With this in mind, we also verify the gauge invariance of the formulas for the transverse SSA in the leptoproduction of pions.
The mechanism of order book dynamic is studied by using ultra high frequency data in terms of three market events: injection, cancellation, and transaction. We analyzed the empirical decision-making ...process of market participants focusing on the event rates conditional on the depth from the mid-price. We observed that both injection and cancellation rates depend on the market depth with exponential decay near the mid-price, which is different from the conventional assumption of the homogeneous Poisson process for the order book formation. We also found scaling relations between injection, cancellation, transaction, and diffusion of the mid-price, highlighting the correlation between these market events. We finally discussed a theoretical model based on our findings to reproduce the empirical order-book profiles.
•Both injection and cancellation rate distributions depend on the market depth and they decay exponentially near the mid-price.•Discovered universal scaling laws of exponential parameters for injection and cancellation rates.•The theoretical model based on our empirical findings reproduce the empirical order book profiles for major currency pairs.
Thin films of aluminum nitride (AlN) fabricated by reactive deposition were characterized in order to examine the electrical insulation properties suitable for a gate insulator. For a series of AlN ...films deposited with a variation of the amount of Al flux at a fixed N flux, compositional and chemical analyses were performed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and elastic recoil detection analysis (ERDA). Combined with the result of current-voltage (I-V) measurement, it is found that the insulation properties are correlated with the compositional ratio between Al and N estimated by the ERDA measurement; a good electrical insulation with a minimal leak current of the order of 10-9 A/cm2 at a high electric field 1 MV/cm is achieved in the film of nearly stoichiometric compositional ratio of Al/N, in which the dominance of the Al-N bonding state is confirmed in the XPS measurement. On the other hand, the incorporation of oxygen, probably caused by the surface oxidization due to the exposure to the air, has little effect on the electrical properties.
•AlN thin films deposited by reactive deposition were characterized for gate insulator.•A good electrical insulation was achieved at nearly stoichiometric composition.•The effects of oxygen incorporation and Al-N bonding state were also investigated.•A minimum leak current density as low as 10-9A/cm2 at 1MV/cm was achieved.
By analyzing the viscoelastic properties of two distinct layers, a layer of “soft” vesicles and a “rigid” bilayer, we have created a model system to permit the study of film behavior in the region of ...nonlinear mass and frequency change (non-Sauerbrey). The structural transformation of lipid vesicles to a bilayer is shown to be accompanied by significant changes in their physical properties. After the adsorption and saturation of intact vesicles on gold surfaces, the adsorbed vesicle layer exhibits a soft, water−rich, viscoelastic state. The AH peptide, a vesicle-destabilizing agent, is then added to trigger the formation of a much thinner (∼5 nm), compact, and rigid bilayer. In this study, we used the quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation technique. Large non-Sauerbrey frequency and energy dissipation changes characterize the viscoelastic nature of adsorbed intact vesicle films thicker than ∼10 nm. Once the transformation is complete, the frequency changes along with zero energy dissipation for sufficiently thin films (t ∼ 5 nm) were effectively modeled with the Sauerbrey equation. Furthermore, we checked the validity of the Voigt−Voinova model in which the quartz substrate is treated as a Voigt element, which is beyond the Sauerbrey description. The calculations treating the film as having a constant viscosity agreed well with the Voigt−Voinova model. These results were compared to calculations done using the electromechanical (EM) model, which does not require a series expansion. The Voigt−Voinova results were in excellent agreement with the EM model, providing evidence that the expansion used in their study is quite accurate.
The operation of the SuperKEKB has been ongoing since 2016. The vacuum systems of the main ring (MR) which consists of a 7-GeV electron ring (HER) and a 4-GeV positron ring (LER), the damping ring ...(DR) for 1.1 GeV positrons in the middle of the injector linac have been working well as a whole. As of June 2022, the maximum stored beam currents of MR are 1.46 and 1.14 A for the LER and the HER, respectively, and approximately 30 mA for the DR. The pressure increase per unit beam current is steadily decreasing and the new vacuum components developed for the SuperKEKB have been working as expected. No significant electron cloud effect has been observed in the LER after installing solenoids in drift spaces in 2017 which apply magnetic fields in the beam direction. The recent pressure behavior of the LER with increased beam current is explained by considering thermal gas desorption induced by the beam as well as photon-stimulated gas desorption. Currently, the beam lifetime is primarily limited by the Touschek effect rather than the vacuum pressure, and their degrees of contribution are evaluated. The challenges associated with high beam currents, such as damage to beam-collimator heads and excess heating of beam pipes at wiggler sections have become more apparent as beam currents are increased. The status of the SuperKEKB vacuum system and the experiences during the past 6 years of operation are presented here.
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Background & Aims Phosphoinositides (PIs) bind and regulate localization of proteins via a variety of structural motifs. PI 4,5-bisphosphate (PI4,5P2 ) interacts with and modulates the function of ...several proteins involved in intracellular vesicular membrane trafficking. We investigated interactions between PI(4,5)P2 and hepatitis C virus (HCV) nonstructural protein 5A (NS5A) and effects on the viral life cycle. Methods We used a combination of quartz crystal microbalance, circular dichroism, molecular genetics, and immunofluorescence to study specific binding of PI(4,5)P2 by the HCV NS5A protein. We evaluated the effects of PI(4,5)P2 on the function of NS5A by expressing wild-type or mutant forms of Bart79I or FL-J6/JFH-5’C19Rluc2AUbi21 RNA in Huh7 cells. We also studied the effects of strategies designed to inhibit PI(4,5)P2 on HCV replication in these cells. Results The N-terminal amphipathic helix of NS5A bound specifically to PI(4,5)P2 , inducing a conformational change that stabilized the interaction between NS5A and TBC1D20, which is required for HCV replication. A pair of positively charged residues within the amphipathic helix (the basic amino acid PI(4,5)P2 pincer domain) was required for PI(4,5)P2 binding and replication of the HCV-RNA genome. A similar motif was found to be conserved across all HCV isolates, as well as amphipathic helices of many pathogens and apolipoproteins. Conclusions PI(4,5)P2 binds to HCV NS5A to promote replication of the viral RNA genome in hepatocytes. Strategies to disrupt this interaction might be developed to inhibit replication of HCV and other viruses.
Fatigue failure is normally initiated at the surface of a material. For some materials, failure can be initiated both at the surface and the interior. This twofold materials behaviour in fatigue is ...represented by a stepwise shape in the S–N curve. An internal failure mode is especially important for fatigue life in the gigacycle range, as this mode is predominant at low stress ranges.
Materials with a hardened surface fail from the surface only at high stresses, and at low stresses from the inside, forming a fish‐eye facet on the fracture surface. Exactly the same behaviour can be observed for materials without a hard surface, even at elevated temperatures. This paper displays some of the results obtained at NRIM and discusses possible interpretations.
This work shows how it is possible to reconstruct SuperKEKB’s beam parameters using a Neural Network with beamstrahlung signal from the Large Angle Beamstrahlung Monitor (LABM) as input. We describe ...the device, the model, and discuss the results.
Increases in protein kinase C (PKC) and oxidative stress have been related to mania. Drugs with antioxidant effects or inhibitory actions on PKC may have antimanic effects. The flavonoid quercetin ...has antioxidant and PKC-inhibiting effects that resemble those of lithium, the first-line treatment for mania in bipolar disorder. We hypothesized that quercetin may have antimanic-like effects in an animal model.
In the present study, we investigated the effects of acute and chronic treatment with quercetin (2.5, 5, 10, and 40mg/kg, i.p.) in male Swiss mice that were subjected to methylphenidate (5mg/kg, i.p.)-induced hyperlocomotion, an animal model of mania. Lithium (100mg/kg, i.p.) and diazepam (5mg/kg, i.p.) were used as positive and negative controls, respectively. We also evaluated the effects of these treatments on methylphenidate-induced oxidative stress in the brain by measuring reduced glutathione (GSH) and lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels in the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and striatum.
Acute and chronic (21-day) treatment with lithium and diazepam reduced methylphenidate-induced hyperlocomotion. Chronic but not acute treatment with quercetin (10 and 40mg/kg) blocked methylphenidate-induced hyperlocomotion. These effects of lithium and quercetin occurred at doses that did not alter spontaneous locomotor activity, whereas diazepam reduced spontaneous locomotor activity. Chronic treatment with lithium and quercetin blocked the methylphenidate-induced increase in LPO levels in the striatum.
These results suggest that chronic quercetin treatment has antimanic-like and antioxidant effects, thus encouraging further studies of quercetin as a putative new antimanic drug.
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