Objective:
to monitor the current trends and developments in organ donation and transplantation in the Russian Federation based on data from the year 2021.
Materials and methods.
Heads of organ ...transplant centers were surveyed through questionnaires. Data control was done using the information accounting system of the Russian Ministry of Health. We performed a comparative analysis of data obtained over years from various federal subjects of the Russian Federation and transplantation centers.
Results.
Based on data retrieved from the 2021 Registry, 45 kidney, 29 liver and 17 heart transplantation programs were existing in the Russian Federation as of the year 2021. The kidney transplant waiting list in 2021 included about 10.5% of the 60,000 patients receiving dialysis. Organ donation activity in 2021 was 4.5 per million population, with a 78.4% multi-organ procurement rate and an average of 3.0 organs procured from one effective donor. In 2021, there were 9.5 kidney transplants per million population, 4.2 liver transplants per million population and 2.0 heart transplants per million population. Same year, the number of transplant surgeries performed in the Russian Federation increased by 18.3% compared to the year 2020, reaching the level of 2019. In Moscow, organ donation activity was 23.7 per million population, that of 2019. In 2021, the city of Moscow and the Moscow region accounted for 12 functioning organ transplant centers, performing 57.7% of all kidney transplants and 70.5% of all extrarenal transplants in the country. The number of organ recipients in the Russian Federation has exceeded 140 per million population.
Conclusion.
In 2021, donor activity and volume of transplant care in Russian regions recovered. This was after the decline in 2020 that resulted from the new coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. In addition, 7 new transplant programs were established. Further development of regional organ donation and transplantation programs, improvement in their efficiency, increase in the activity of transplant centers and development of inter-regional collaboration are expected in the Russian Federation in 2022.
Abstract We present the results of mathematical modeling of effect of inlet useful temperature difference on the vapor- liquid flow in the heat exchange tube of a vertical evaporating film apparatus, ...which is designed for evaporation of nitric acid solutions. Distributions obtained along the heat exchange tube length of local values of the: mass flow rate of the fluid and secondary steam, the velocity of the fluid film, the velocity of the secondary steam, the Reynolds criterion of the liquid and vapor phases, the absolute pressure depending on the values of this useful temperature difference. The study was carried out using numerical simulation. To study the effect of the initial useful temperature difference on the hydrodynamics of the vapor-liquid flow, the vertical evaporator equipped with the tube ø38x3 mm and length of L = 4 m was adopted. The linear nature of the distribution of hydrodynamic parameters along the length of the heat exchange tube is established. The absolute pressure in the tube space decreases along the heating tube due to pressure drop. The limiting factor in reducing the absolute pressure is the friction losses of the secondary vapor on the solution film surface. A decrease in the pressure in the tube space leads to decrease in the boiling point of the solution. This leads to increase useful temperature. This has a positive effect on the evaporation efficiency The obtained data should be used in the design of evaporation plants, which are designed for evaporation of nitric acid solutions.
Abstract The modernized numerical method for the mechanical mixing power calculation is proposed. Proposed calculation method allows to decrease the dependence of a stirred vessel mixing power ...numerical CFD calculation result on an empirical data by using additional term for considering own inertia of a mechanical mixing device. Proposed method bases on the mixing power consumption calculation technique as the function of a mixing device shaft torque. The verification of proposed method was carried out using the experimental measured and simulated values of the circulation-type reactor pump power. The results of proposed method verification show that non-modernized and modernized methods calculation errors are 3.9 % and 4.8 % respectively. Thus, calculation errors are comparable for modernized and non-modernized methods both. Wherein, modernized method unlike non-modernized does not use error correction coefficient that may be determined experimental only. Thus, proposed modernized method of the mechanical mixing power calculation may be used for engineering design calculations and simulations.
Objective
: to monitor current trends and developments in organ donation and transplantation in the Russian Federation based on the 2019 data.
Materials and methods
. Heads of organ transplant ...centers were surveyed. Data obtained over years from federal subjects of the Russian Federation and from organ transplant centers in the country were analyzed and compared.
Results
. Based on data retrieved from the 2019 Registry, only 46 kidney, 31 liver and 17 heart transplant centers were functioning in Russia. In 2019, there were 6,878 potential recipients in the kidney transplant waitlist. This represents 13.7% of the 50,000 dialysis patients in the country. Donation activity in 2019 reached 5.0 per million population; multi-organ procurement rate was 71.6%; 2.9 organs on average were procured from one effective donor. In 2019, there were 10.0 kidney transplants per million population, 4.0 liver transplants per million population and 2.3 heart transplants per million people. Same year, the number of transplant surgeries performed in Russia rose 10.7% from the previous year. Moscow and Moscow Oblast alone have 13 functioning organ transplantation centers. They account for half of all kidney transplant surgeries and 70% of all liver and heart transplants performed in the country. Organ recipients in the Russian Federation have exceeded 16,000 in number.
Conclusion.
Organ transplantations in Russia keep on increasing – 10–15% per year. Donor and transplant programs are also becoming more effective and efficient. However, the demand for organ transplants far exceeds the current supply of available organs in the Russian Federation. Peculiarities of the development of organ donation and organ transplantation in Russia in 2019 were associated with some factors, such as structure and geographical location of transplant centers, waitlisting of patients, funding sources and amount, and management of donor and transplant programs. The national transplantation registry will be developed taking into account new monitoring and analysis challenges.
We present the conceptual design of a universal materials-research beamline based on the undulator of a fourth-generation synchrotron-radiation source. The distinctive feature of the beamline is its ...capability to work with both spectrally narrow (Δ
E
/
E
~ 10
–4
) and relatively broad, high-intensity radiation beams (5 × 10
–2
). The optical scheme enables rapid switching between diffraction, radiographic, and spectroscopic experimental methods while keeping the beam’s position fixed on the test sample and varying the spot size of the radiation from 100 nm to 1 mm.
Project Proryv (Breakthrough) is leading an effort to develop fast reactors with mixed uranium-plutonium nitride fuel as well as the installations and technologies of a closed nuclear fuel cycle ...(NFC) as a base for a new type of nuclear energy. The RTM-2 complex of computer programs, which performs combined modeling of the reactor core and NFC stages, was developed for performing complex investigation of NFC closure and optimizing the loads for the reactor installation. This article discusses the current state of the RTM-2 software complex and the development of an RTM-2-based virtual digital model for NFC closure in the context of the on-site power complex. In particular, it is within the purview of such a model to integrate with a verified and certified next-generation computational code EVKLID/V1 for modeling thermohydraulic processes in fast reactors as well as with the digital information model of the reactor core, which is a tool for processing and analyzing the controlled characteristics of the core and its components and fulfilling the nuclear and radiation safety requirements throughout the entire life cycle of the installation.
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