The chemotherapeutic use of cisplatin is limited by its severe side effects. In this study, by conducting different omics data analyses, we demonstrated that cisplatin induces cell death in a ...proximal tubular cell line by suppressing glycolysis- and tricarboxylic acid (TCA)/mitochondria-related genes. Furthermore, analysis of the urine from cisplatin-treated rats revealed the lower expression levels of enzymes involved in glycolysis, TCA cycle, and genes related to mitochondrial stability and confirmed the cisplatin-related metabolic abnormalities. Additionally, an increase in the level of p53, which directly inhibits glycolysis, has been observed. Inhibition of p53 restored glycolysis and significantly reduced the rate of cell death at 24 h and 48 h due to p53 inhibition. The foremost reason of cisplatin-related cytotoxicity has been correlated to the generation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) that influence multiple pathways. Abnormalities in these pathways resulted in the collapse of mitochondrial energy production, which in turn sensitized the cells to death. The quenching of ROS led to the amelioration of the affected pathways. Considering these observations, it can be concluded that there is a significant correlation between cisplatin and metabolic dysfunctions involving mROS as the major player.
Understating the microbial communities and ecological processes that influence their structure in permafrost soils is crucial for predicting the consequences of climate change. In this study we ...investigated the bacterial and archaeal communities along depth profiles of four soil cores collected across Alaska. The bacterial and archaeal diversity (amplicon sequencing) overall decreased along the soil depth but the depth-wise pattern of their abundances (qPCR) varied by sites. The community structure of bacteria and archaea displayed site-specific pattern, with a greater role of soil geochemical characteristics rather than soil depth. In particular, we found significant positive correlations between methane trapped in cores and relative abundance of methanogenic archaeal genera, indicating a strong association between microbial activity and methane production in subsurface soils. We observed that bacterial phylogenetic community assembly tended to be more clustered in surface soils than in deeper soils. Analyses of phylogenetic community turnover among depth profiles across cores indicated that the relative influence of deterministic and stochastic processes was mainly determined by soil properties rather than depth. Overall, our findings emphasize that the vertical distributions of bacterial and archaeal communities in permafrost soils are to a large extent determined by the variation in site-specific soil properties.
Precise monitoring of neurotransmitters, such as dopamine (DA), is critical for understanding brain function and treating neurological disorders since dysregulation of DA implicates in a range of ...disorders, including Parkinson's disease (PD), schizophrenia, and addiction. This study proposes a multi‐deformable double‐sided (MDD) DA‐sensing probe with the three‐electrode system in all‐in‐one form for reliable real‐time monitoring of DA dynamics by integrating working, reference, and counter electrodes on a single probe. The proposed probe achieves high DA sensitivity and selectivity in virtue of enzyme immobilization on the 3D nanostructures grown on working electrode. Also, the serpentine design is employed for the electrodes to withstand in various deformations by achieving high stretchability and manage the stress induced on the probe. Experimental and computational analysis demonstrates an effective reduction in induced‐stress on the electrodes. The MDD DA‐sensing probe is implanted into the brain with success to enable real‐time, in vivo monitoring of DA levels in rodents. Furthermore, DA dynamic changes are monitored before and after treatment with L‐DOPA in hemi‐PD mice. This extremely deformable implantable probe has the potential for use in the study and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, providing reliable monitoring of DA dynamics with minimal damage to brain tissue.
A multi‐deformable double‐sided (MDD) probe facilitates real‐time dopamine monitoring in the brain. The all‐in‐one probe integrates working, reference, and counter electrodes, achieving high sensitivity and selectivity through enzyme immobilization on ZnO Nanorods. Its serpentine design ensures stretchability and stress management. Successful rodent implantation enables reliable in‐vivo monitoring of dopamine dynamics, including assessing L‐DOPA treatment effects in hemi‐PD mice.
A layer-by-layer deposition of two conducting polymers, each layer of which is a few tenths of nanometer thick, has been successfully performed to enhance the thermoelectric power factor of organic ...thin films, which are critical components of flexible thermoelectric energy harvesting devices. The multilayer films were deposited via multiple solution processes, which exhibit enhanced electrical conductivity without any significant degradation of the Seebeck coefficient, in contrast to a coupling behavior between the electrical conductivity and the Seebeck coefficient in bulk materials. The electrical conductivity and power factor-proportional to the electrical conductivity-of 5(PEDOT:PSS/PANI-CSA) multilayer films are 1.3 and 2 times higher than those of a single PEDOT:PSS layer. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) reveal distinct interfaces through which an enhanced electrical conductivity and power factor have been achieved in our multilayer films. From the TEM, EELS, and Raman analyses, a model for the enhancement of the electrical conductivity has been proposed. The enhancement of electrical conductivity occurs via stretching of PEDOT and PANI chains and hole diffusion from the PANI-CSA layer to the PEDOT:PSS layer. The band alignment in the multilayer structure not only enhances electrical conductivity but also maintains the Seebeck coefficient at an optimum value. Our study suggests that the layer-by-layer deposition of polymer thin films is a promising technique for manipulating the thermoelectric properties of each polymer component to enhance thermoelectric performance.
Wearable and implantable devices require conductive, stretchable and biocompatible materials. However, obtaining composites that simultaneously fulfil these requirements is challenging due to a ...trade-off between conductivity and stretchability. Here, we report on Ag-Au nanocomposites composed of ultralong gold-coated silver nanowires in an elastomeric block-copolymer matrix. Owing to the high aspect ratio and percolation network of the Ag-Au nanowires, the nanocomposites exhibit an optimized conductivity of 41,850 S cm
(maximum of 72,600 S cm
). Phase separation in the Ag-Au nanocomposite during the solvent-drying process generates a microstructure that yields an optimized stretchability of 266% (maximum of 840%). The thick gold sheath deposited on the silver nanowire surface prevents oxidation and silver ion leaching, making the composite biocompatible and highly conductive. Using the nanocomposite, we successfully fabricate wearable and implantable soft bioelectronic devices that can be conformally integrated with human skin and swine heart for continuous electrophysiological recording, and electrical and thermal stimulation.
Near-field magnetic wireless systems have distinct advantages over their conventional farfield counterparts in water-rich environments, such as underwater, underground, and in biological tissues, due ...to lower power absorption. This paper presents a comprehensive review of near-field magnetic wireless power transfer (WPT) and communication technologies in a variety of applications from general free-space systems, to implantable biomedical devices we find of particular interest. To implement a fully wirelessly-powered implantable system, both high-efficiency power transfer and high-rate data communication are essential. This paper first presents the history and the fundamentals of near-field WPT and communication in free-space systems, followed by technical details for their specific use in implantable biomedical devices. Finally, this paper reviews recent advances in simultaneous wireless information and power transfer and highlights their applications in implantable biomedical systems. The knowledge reviewed in the paper could provide intuition in the design of various wireless and mobile systems such as wireless body area networks, small-cell 5G cellular, as well as in-body biomedical applications, especially for efficient power and data management and higher security.
Due to the tremendous interest in carbon-fluorine bond-forming reactions, research efforts in this area have been dedicated to the development of facile processes to synthesize small ...fluorine-containing organic molecules. Among others, PET (Positron Emission Tomography) is one of the most important applications of fluorine chemistry. Recognizing the specific requirements of PET processes, some groups have focused on fluorination reactions using alkali metal fluorides, particularly through S
N
2-type reactions. However, a common "misconception" about the role of protic solvents and hydrogen bonding interactions in this class of reactions has hampered the employment of these excellent promoters. Herein, we would like to review recent discoveries in this context, showing straightforward nucleophilic fluorination reactions using alkali metal fluorides promoted by protic solvents. Simultaneous dual activation of reacting partners by intermolecular hydrogen bonding and the enhancement of the "effective fluoride nucleophilicity", which is Nature's biocatalytic approach with the fluorinase enzyme, are the key to this unprecedentedly successful nucleophilic fluorination.
This Tutorial Review summarizes the recent breakthroughs in S
N
2-type nucleophilic fluorination reactions using alkali metal fluorides promoted by protic solvents, inducing excellent selectivity and high reaction rates.
Abstract
All‐solid‐state cells (ASSCs) typically operate at a specific pressure to ensure good contact between the solid electrolyte and the electrode‐active materials. However, establishing the ...ideal cell pressure is challenging because of the various cell structures, the mechanical characteristics of solid electrolytes, and the extent to which the volume of the electrodes changes during cycling. In this study, we propose a specially designed cell assembly that adjusts to the changes in volume that occur during cycling while maintaining a constant cell pressure. The evaluations indicate that the spring in the cell assembly effectively reduces the stress incurred from the volume expansion that occurs in the electrode during charging (lithiation) and the volume contraction that occurs during discharging (delithiation) while maintaining the prescribed cell pressure. The capacity fading—as a function of the cycle number—decreases when operating ASSCs comprising a cell assembly that include a spring, compared with those that exclude a spring. Focused ion beam–scanning electron microscope reveals no cracks and delamination in the LiNi
0.8
Co
0.1
Mn
0.1
O
3
(NCM811) composite cathode of the ASSCs, operated at 25 MPa, with a spring‐equipped assembly. The Ag nanolayer that deposits on the Cu foil is an effective collector metal, forming a dense lithium plating layer on the Ag/Cu foil anode.
The U.S. Department of Energy accelerated stress test carbon protocol emphasizes improving the durability of both the catalyst layer and the micro-porous layer (MPL) carbon support. This underscores ...the need for research focused solely on the degradation of the Gas Diffusion Layer (GDL). Traditionally, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy impedance data used to analyze resistance due to GDL durability has been interpreted through equivalent circuit models. However, this method simplifies simultaneous response and multiple models for the same data, which reduces the objectivity of the analysis. Therefore, this study analyzed the durability characteristics of GDLs with and without MPLs using distribution of relaxation times, a method less prone to subjectivity. In short, the results showed that substrates without MPL are more susceptible to performance degradation and loss, and highlighted the emergence of Warburg resistance due to limited diffusion under harsh environmental conditions.
•Accelerated aging significantly impacts the physical and chemical properties of GDLs.•GDL without MPL show higher susceptibility to performance degradation.•DRT analysis provides a less subjective method for evaluating GDL durability in PEMFCs.•Warburg diffusion resistance (R1') occurs for the first time when GDL without MPL degrades.
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