Commercially-available inorganic fertilizers are often used by beef and dairy producers to increase forage growth on perennial pastures and hay fields, but the usual practice of spreading fertilizer ...granules on the surface of these grasslands leaves the nutrients exposed for transport in runoff, and for rapid nitrogen (N) loss to the atmosphere as ammonia. We hypothesized that such problems could be minimized by using a knifing technique to move the fertilizer granules into the subsurface root zone of perennial forages, and conducted a study to determine the effect on runoff water quality. Plots were constructed on a hillside (8 to 10 percent slope) field with a silt loam soil covered by well-established bermudagrass Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. and mixed grass forage. Each plot had borders to isolate runoff and a downslope trough with sampling pit for collection. Inorganic 13-13-13 fertilizer granules were applied at 1.34 Mg ha^sup -1^ (0.6 t ac^sup -1^) by one of three methods: surface spreading, incorporation, or surface spreading on soil cuts. Each treatment had six replications and there were three control plots that were not fertilized. Runoff samples from simulated rainfall applied at 50 mm h^sup -1^ (2 in hr^sup -1^) and natural rainfall events showed that nutrient losses in runoff from incorporated fertilizer were statistically no higher than from control plots, but were usually at least 90 percent less than those from surface-applied fertilizer. Soil cuts slightly decreased nutrient losses from surface-applied fertilizer, but this effect was rarely significant. When compared to surface-applied fertilizer, the incorporated fertilizer not only improved water quality, but also showed a strong tendency to increase forage yield. PUBLICATION ABSTRACT
A laboratory experiment was conducted to compare the adsorption and desorption of fluometuron between two soils, one collected from an eastern gamagrass filter strip and the other from a cropped ...field. Fluometuron adsorption to soil collected from the filter strip was higher than to soil collected from the cropped field. Kd values for fluometuron ranged from 1.9 to 3.6 for soil from a cropped area, compared with 2.9 to 5.3 for soil from the filter strip, indicating a weak to moderate binding affinity for fluometuron. The total fluometuron desorbed ranged from 48 to 79% of that adsorbed, most of which (50 to 59% of the total amount desorbed) occurred during the first desorption cycle with both soils. Approximately 11% less fluometuron desorbed when a filter strip was present. Results indicate that eastern gamagrass filter strips can influence adsorption–desorption processes between fluometuron and a Brooksville silty clay soil by altering the soil properties, specifically soil organic matter. Nomenclature: Fluometuron; eastern gamagrass, Tripsacum dactyloides L.
Sorption and desorption of cyanazine with three Mississippi Delta soils (two silt loams and one silty clay) were studied under laboratory conditions. Cyanazine sorption calculated using the ...Freundlich equation was greatest for the Sharkey silty clay soil. Partition coefficients (Kd values) for cyanazine sorption ranged from 1.67 to 1.82, 1.92 to 2.15, and 3.65 to 3.96 ml g−1 for the Bosket silt loam, Dubbs silt loam, and Sharkey silty clay soils, respectively. Differences in sorption and Kd values were attributed to clay content. At a given initial cyanazine concentration, cyanazine was desorbed more readily from the silt loam soils than from the Sharkey clay after the first 4-h desorption cycle. Desorption from the Sharkey clay continued for a longer period than that from the silt loam soils, with up to 6% cyanazine desorption from the Sharkey clay after a 16-h desorption cycle compared with 0% for the silt loam soils. Cyanazine losses increased with decreasing clay content, Dubbs = Bosket > Sharkey. This implies a potential relationship between cyanazine desorption and surface runoff losses of cyanazine. Nomenclature: Cyanazine.
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) microimaging is a noninvasive and nondestructive technique that has great potential for the study of soil processes. Hydrogen-1 NMR microimaging techniques were used ...to examine the distribution of water in four different soil cores. Fluorine-19 NMR microimaging is also used to study the transport of three model contaminants (hexafluorobenzene, sodium fluoride, and trifluralin) in soil columns. The ^sup 1^H water distribution studies demonstrate that NMR microimaging can provide unique detail regarding the nature and location of water in soils. Image distortion (magnetic susceptibility) was observed for soil samples low in water (20-28% by weight) and that contained an iron content of 0.73 to 0.99%. Highly resolved images were obtained for the organic-rich soil (Croatan sample) and also facilitated the analysis of bound and unbound soil water through varying spin echo times. The contaminant studies with ^sup 19^F NMR demonstrated that preferential flow processes can be observed in soil cores in as little as 16 h. Studies with hexafluorobenzene produced the highest quality images whereas the definition decreased over time with both trifluralin and sodium fluoride as the compounds penetrated the soil. Nonetheless, both ^sup 1^H and ^sup 19^F NMR microimaging techniques demonstrate great promise for studying soil processes. PUBLICATION ABSTRACT
Using fluorine-19 NMR microimaging, the transport of three model contaminants in soil columns was transported. The super(1)H water distribution studies demonstrated that NMR microimaging could ...provide unique detail regarding the natural and location of water in soils. The contaminant studies with super(19)F NMR demonstrated that preferential flow processes could be observed in soil cores in as little as 16 h. It was observed that studies with hexafluorobenzene produced the highest quality images whereas the defining decreased over time with both trifluralin and sodium fluoride as the compounds penetrated the soil. Both super(1)H and super(19)F NMR microimaging techniques demonstrated great promise for studying soil processes.
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) microimaging is a noninvasive and nondestructive technique that has great potential for the study of soil processes. Hydrogen-1 NMR microimaging techniques were used ...to examine the distribution of water in four different soil cores. Fluorine-19 NMR microimaging is also used to study the transport of three model contaminants (hexafluorobenzene, sodium fluoride, and trifluralin) in soil columns. The sigma up 1 Phi water distribution studies demonstrate that NMR microimaging can provide unique detail regarding the nature and location of water in soils. Image distortion (magnetic susceptibility) was observed for soil samples low in water (20-28% by weight) and that contained an iron content of 0.73 to 0.99%. Highly resolved images were obtained for the organic-rich soil (Croatan sample) and also facilitated the analysis of bound and unbound soil water through varying spin echo times. The contaminant studies with sigma up 19 Theta NMR demonstrated that preferential flow processes can be observed in soil cores in as little as 16 h. Studies with hexafluorobenzene produced the highest quality images whereas the definition decreased over time with both trifluralin and sodium fluoride as the compounds penetrated the soil. Nonetheless, both sigma up 1 Phi and sigma up 19 Theta NMR microimaging techniques demonstrate great promise for studying soil processes. PUBLICATION ABSTRACT
Abstract Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) microimaging is a noninvasive and nondestructive technique that has great potential for the study of soil processes. Hydrogen‐1 NMR microimaging techniques ...were used to examine the distribution of water in four different soil cores. Fluorine‐19 NMR microimaging is also used to study the transport of three model contaminants (hexafluorobenzene, sodium fluoride, and trifluralin) in soil columns. The 1 H water distribution studies demonstrate that NMR microimaging can provide unique detail regarding the nature and location of water in soils. Image distortion (magnetic susceptibility) was observed for soil samples low in water (20–28% by weight) and that contained an iron content of 0.73 to 0.99%. Highly resolved images were obtained for the organic‐rich soil (Croatan sample) and also facilitated the analysis of bound and unbound soil water through varying spin echo times. The contaminant studies with 19 F NMR demonstrated that preferential flow processes can be observed in soil cores in as little as 16 h. Studies with hexafluorobenzene produced the highest quality images whereas the definition decreased over time with both trifluralin and sodium fluoride as the compounds penetrated the soil. Nonetheless, both 1 H and 19 F NMR microimaging techniques demonstrate great promise for studying soil processes.
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) microimaging is a noninvasive and nondestructive technique that has great potential for the study of soil processes. Hydrogen-1 NMR microimaging techniques were used ...to examine the distribution of water in four different soil cores. Fluorine-19 NMR microimaging is also used to study the transport of three model contaminants (hexafluorobenzene, sodium fluoride, and trifluralin) in soil columns. The sup 1H water distribution studies demonstrate that NMR microimaging can provide unique detail regarding the nature and location of water in soils. Image distortion (magnetic susceptibility) was observed for soil samples low in water (20-28% by weight) and that contained an iron content of 0.73 to 0.99%. Highly resolved images were obtained for the organic-rich soil (Croatan sample) and also facilitated the analysis of bound and unbound soil water through varying spin echo times. The contaminant studies with sup 19F NMR demonstrated that preferential flow processes can be observed in soil cores in as little as 16 h. Studies with hexafluorobenzene produced the highest quality images whereas the definition decreased over time with both trifluralin and sodium fluoride as the compounds penetrated the soil. Nonetheless, both sup 1H and sup 19F NMR microimaging techniques demonstrate great promise for studying soil processes. PUBLICATION ABSTRACT
Using a mouse model of complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), our goal was to identify autoantigens in the skin of the affected limb.
A CRPS-like state was induced using the tibia fracture/cast ...immobilization model. Three weeks after fracture, hindpaw skin was homogenized, run on 2-d gels, and probed by sera from fracture and control mice. Spots of interest were analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy (LC-MS) and the list of targets validated by examining their abundance and subcellular localization. In order to measure the autoantigenicity of selected protein targets, we quantified the binding of IgM in control and fracture mice sera, as well as in control and CRPS human sera, to the recombinant protein.
We show unique binding between fracture skin extracts and fracture sera, suggesting the presence of auto-antigens. LC-MS analysis provided us a list of potential targets, some of which were upregulated after fracture (KRT16, eEF1a1, and PRPH), while others showed subcellular-redistribution and increased membrane localization (ANXA2 and ENO3). No changes in protein citrullination or carbamylation were observed. In addition to increased abundance, KRT16 demonstrated autoantigenicity, since sera from both fracture mice and CRPS patients showed increased autoantibody binding to recombinant kRT16 protein.
Pursuing autoimmune contributions to CRPS provides a novel approach to understanding the condition and may allow the development of mechanism-based therapies. The identification of autoantibodies against KRT16 as a biomarker in mice and in humans is a critical step towards these goals, and towards redefining CRPS as having an autoimmune etiology.
•An autoimmune mechanism of pain in a murine model of CRPS is proposed.•Multiple potential target antigens are identified by LC-MS.•Keratin16 is a validated target both in the mouse model and in CRPS patients.
As the first step of total maximum daily load study, a hydrodynamics model was developed by integrating Hydrological Simulation Program Fortran (HPSF) and Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code (EFDC). In ...this application the EFDC model was configured to simulate time-varying surface water elevation, velocity, salinity, and water temperature. The HSPF was applied to compute the fresh water discharge from the upstream watersheds. The model reasonably simulated the tidal range and phase. The simulated water temperature and salinity showed good and fairly good agreement with observations. The calculated correlation coefficients between computed and observed velocity were lower compared with those for water level, temperature, and salinity, but the magnitudes of simulated velocity were found to be in the range of observed data. The wind data was found to have strong impacts on velocity simulation by modeling verification tests. Near the study area, there is wind data available only at one station, which has been applied to the entire modeling domain.
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