Purpose
Depression is a leading cause of disability worldwide. Research suggests that by far, the greatest contributor to the overall economic impact of depression is loss in productivity; however, ...there is very little research on the costs of depression outside of Western high-income countries. Thus, this study examines the impact of depression on workplace productivity across eight diverse countries.
Methods
We estimated the extent and costs of depression-related absenteeism and presenteeism in the workplace across eight countries: Brazil, Canada, China, Japan, South Korea, Mexico, South Africa, and the USA. We also examined the individual, workplace, and societal factors associated with lower productivity.
Results
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to examine the impact of depression on workplace productivity across a diverse set of countries, in terms of both culture and GDP. Mean annual per person costs for absenteeism were lowest in South Korea at $181 and highest in Japan ($2674). Mean presenteeism costs per person were highest in the USA ($5524) and Brazil ($5788). Costs associated with presenteeism tended to be 5–10 times higher than those associated with absenteeism.
Conclusions
These findings suggest that the impact of depression in the workplace is considerable across all countries, both in absolute monetary terms and in relation to proportion of country GDP. Overall, depression is an issue deserving much greater attention, regardless of a country’s economic development, national income or culture.
The current report describes the installation and the preliminary commissioning of the Material Science Powder Diffraction (MSPD) beamline at the Spanish synchrotron ALBA-CELLS. The beamline is fully ...dedicated to powder diffraction techniques and consists of two experimental stations positioned in series: a High Pressure/Microdiffraction station and a High Resolution/High Throughput powder diffraction station.
The potential of mRNA therapeutics will be realized only once safe and effective delivery systems are established. Unfortunately, delivery vehicle development is stymied by an inadequate ...understanding of how the molecular properties of a vehicle confer efficacy. Here, a small library of lipidoid materials is used to elucidate structure–function relationships and identify a previously unappreciated parameter—lipid nanoparticle surface ionization—that correlates with mRNA delivery efficacy. The two most potent materials of the library, 306O10 and 306Oi10, induce substantial luciferase expression in mice following a single 0.75 mg kg−1 mRNA dose. These lipidoids, which have ten‐carbon tails and identical molecular weights, vary only in that the 306O10 tail is straight and the 306Oi10 tail has a one‐carbon branch. Remarkably, this small difference in structure conferred a tenfold improvement in 306Oi10 efficacy. The enhanced potency of this branched‐tail lipidoid is attributed to its strong surface ionization at the late endosomal pH of 5.0. A secondary lipidoid library confirms that Oi10 materials ionize more strongly and deliver mRNA more potently than lipidoids containing linear tails. Together, these data highlight the exquisite control that lipid chemistry exerts on the mRNA delivery process and show that branched‐tail lipids facilitate protein expression in animals.
Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) are an exciting tool to deliver messenger RNA (mRNA) drugs that have the potential to treat any disease caused by faulty protein expression. This work describes the exquisite control that branched lipid tails exert on the mRNA delivery process by modulating LNP surface ionization at endosomal pH.
Many boronic acids, including 2-heterocyclic, vinyl, and cyclopropyl derivatives, are inherently unstable, which can limit their benchtop storage and/or efficient cross-coupling. We herein report the ...first general solution to this problem: in situ slow release of unstable boronic acids from the corresponding air-stable MIDA boronates. This remarkably general approach has transformed all three classes of these unstable boronic acids into shelf-stable and highly effective building blocks for cross-coupling with a wide range of aryl and heteroaryl chlorides.
Despite attention focused on the population status and rebuilding trajectory of Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus), the reproduction and spawning biology remains poorly understood, especially in ...the NW Atlantic. At present, the eastern and western spawning populations are believed to exhibit different reproductive characteristics and, consequently, stock productivity. However, our study suggests that the two spawning populations, the Gulf of Mexico and the Mediterranean Sea, could show similar reproductive features and spawning strategies. Between 2007 and 2009, gonad samples from female Atlantic bluefin tuna were collected in the northern Gulf of Mexico (n = 147) and in the western Mediterranean Sea (n = 40). The histological and stereological analysis confirmed that sampled eastern and western bluefin tuna exhibit the same spawning duration (three months) but the spawning in the Gulf of Mexico begins one month earlier than in the Mediterranean Sea. Western bluefin tuna caught in the peak of the spawning season (May) showed a similar spawning frequency (60%) to the spawning peak observed in the Mediterranean Sea (June). Fecundity for the Gulf of Mexico fish (28.14 eggs · g(-1)) was lower but not significantly different than for fish sampled in the Mediterranean Sea (45.56 eggs · g(-1)). Our study represents the first comparative histological analysis of the eastern and western spawning stocks whose findings, combined with new determinations of size/age at maturity and possible alternative spawning areas, might suggest basic life history attributes warrant further scientific and management attention.
Economic hardship can be a factor in the incidence and exacerbation of mental health problems, and economic constraints have always constrained availability of resources. But examining the economic ...case – whether treatment or longer-term preventive strategies are cost-effective – can actually provide strong support for investing more in them. This presentation will provide illustrations of how economic evidence has helped decision-makers (in government and in funding bodies) to recognise the enormous contributions often generated by prevention, treatment and care.
Allylic C–H acetoxylations are among the most widely studied palladium(II)-catalyzed C–H oxidation reactions. While the principal reaction steps are well established, key features of the catalytic ...mechanisms are poorly characterized, including the identity of the turnover-limiting step and the catalyst resting state. Here, we report a mechanistic study of aerobic allylic acetoxylation of allylbenzene with a catalyst system composed of Pd(OAc)2 and 4,5-diazafluoren-9-one (DAF). The DAF ligand is unique in its ability to support aerobic catalytic turnover, even in the absence of benzoquinone or other co-catalysts. Herein, we describe operando spectroscopic analysis of the catalytic reaction using X-ray absorption and NMR spectroscopic methods that allow direct observation of the formation and decay of a palladium(I) species during the reaction. Kinetic studies reveal the presence of two distinct kinetic phases: (1) a burst phase, involving rapid formation of the allylic acetoxylation product and formation of the dimeric PdI complex PdI(DAF)(OAc)2, followed by (2) a post-burst phase that coincides with evolution of the catalyst resting state from the PdI dimer into a π-allyl-PdII species. The data provide unprecedented insights into the role of ancillary ligands in supporting catalytic turnover with O2 as the stoichiometric oxidant and establish an important foundation for the development of improved catalysts for allylic oxidation reactions.
Individuals generate tremendous amount of personal data each day, with a wide variety of uses. This datum often contains sensitive information about individuals, which can be disclosed by ...“adversaries”. Even when direct identifiers such as social security numbers are masked, an adversary may be able to recognize an individual’s identity for a data record by looking at the values of quasi-identifiers (QIDs), known as identity disclosure, or can uncover sensitive attributes (SAs) about an individual through attribute disclosure. In data privacy field, multiple disclosure risk measures have been proposed. These share two drawbacks: they do not consider identity and attribute disclosure concurrently, and they consider a restrictive attack model by assuming certain attributes, namely QIDs and SAs. In this paper, we present a flexible adversary disclosure risk measure that addresses these limitations, by presenting a single combined metric of identity and attribute disclosure, and generalizing attack models by considering all scenarios for an adversary’s knowledge and disclosure targets while providing the flexibility to model a specific disclosure preference. We have developed an efficient algorithm for computing our proposed risk measure and evaluated the performance of our approach on a benchmark dataset from 1994 Census database.
The rational development of homogeneous catalytic systems for selective aerobic oxidations of organics has been hampered by the limited available knowledge of how oxygen reacts with important ...organometallic intermediates. Recently, several mechanisms for oxygen insertion into late transition metal-hydride bonds have been described. Contributing to this nascent understanding of how oxygen reacts with metal-hydrides, a detailed mechanistic study of the reaction of oxygen with the IrIII hydride complex ( dm Phebox)Ir(OAc)(H) (1) in the presence of acetic acid, which proceeds to form the IrIII complex ( dm Phebox)Ir(OAc)2(OH2) (2), is described. The evidence supports a multifaceted mechanism wherein a small amount of an initially formed metal hydroperoxide proceeds to generate a metal-oxyl species that then initiates a radical chain reaction to rapidly convert the remaining IrIII–H. Insight into the initiation step was gained through kinetic and mechanistic studies of the radical chain inhibition by BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene). Computational studies were employed to contribute to a further understanding of initiation and propagation in this system.
PDF
