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•Kernel properties and carotenoid in vitro digestion were analysed in 103 commercial dent hybrids.•Tested hybrids characterized higher zeaxanthin than lutein content.•Kernel hardness ...traits are related to the extent of the amount of digested carotenoids.•Fiber, protein and amylose correlated with the release of carotenoids during digestion.
The objective of study was to investigate the relationships between maize kernel properties and carotenoid release during simulated gastrointestinal digestion of 103 hybrids of dent type. Commercial maize hybrids significantly differed in kernel hardness, chemical composition and carotenoid profile. Across all hybrids, the amount of digestible individual carotenoids increased as follows: β-carotene < α-cryptoxanthin < β-cryptoxanthin < lutein < zeaxanthin. The amount of digested carotenoids correlated negatively with amylose content and amylose-to-amylopectin ratio, while it correlated positively with the content of neutral detergent fibres and amylopectin as well as the Stenvert index. However, the content of endosperm lipids could not be related to carotenoid digestibility. Findings clearly indicate that the carotenoid release from the kernel during digestion is related to specific physical and chemical properties, leading to a better understanding of the effects of kernel matrix structure on carotenoid digestibility in dent-type maize hybrids.
The research investigates the possibilities of enriching eggs with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, selenium, vitamin E, and lutein. The research was carried out on 100 TETRA SL laying hens divided ...into two groups (C and E). Hens in treatment C (control group) were fed a standard feeding mixture that contained 5% soybean oil, 0.32 mg/kg organic selenium, 25.20 mg/kg vitamin E, and 20.5 mg/kg lutein (Marigold flower extract). Hens in treatment E (experimental group) were fed a mixture in which soybean oil was replaced by 1.5% fish oil + 1.5% rapeseed oil + 2.0% linseed oil. The content of other nutricines amounted to 0.47 mg/kg organic selenium, 125.2 mg/kg vitamin E, and 120.5 mg/kg lutein. Portions of total n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in enriched eggs were significantly increased when compared to conventional eggs (480.65:204.58 mg/100 g; p < 0.001). The content of selenium, vitamin E, and lutein was significantly higher (p < 0.001) in enriched eggs than in conventional eggs. The content of selenium in egg albumen was increased by 1.81 times, and in the yolk, it was increased by 1.18 times. At the same time, the content of vitamin E was 2.74 times higher, and lutein was 8.94 times higher in enriched eggs than in conventional eggs.
Consumer demand for high quality and safe foods that will have a positive impact on their health has increased in recent years. Today, it is possible to meet those demands by combining the genetic ...potential of domestic animals and applying different feeding strategies. Nutrigenomics is one of the “omics” sciences that studies the interaction between nutrients and the genome together with their influence on metabolic and physiological processes in the body. While nutrition of domestic animals is solely based on studying the influence of nutrients on animal health and production traits, nutrigenomics integrates the fields of nutrition, genomics, molecular genetics and bioinformatics. By understanding the molecular relationships between different forms and/or concentrations of nutrients in feed and genes, it is possible to answer the question of how small changes in the diet of farm animals can produce a quality product with positive effects on human health. The aim of this article is to describe how the manipulation of adding different nutrients in the feed affects the expression of different genes in chicken and consequently alters their phenotype.
This research elaborates the process of enriching table eggs with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) and presents the effect of such enriched eggs on human health. The experiment was ...performed on 480 TETRA SL laying hens divided into three groups. Feeding mixtures contained 5% of oils (K = soybean oil, P1 = 3.5% linseed oil + 1.5% fish oil, P2 = 3% linseed oil + 2% fish oil). Referring to the content of α-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), eggs of P1 and P2 groups were significantly richer in n-3 PUFA than eggs of the control group (
= 0.001). Atherogenic (AI), thrombogenic (TI), and hypo/hypercholesterolemic (HHI) indexes of egg yolks were more favourable in enriched eggs than in conventional eggs. Fatty acid profiles in the blood of examinees that consumed conventional and enriched eggs (treatments K and P1, respectively) differed significantly in total saturated fatty acids (ΣSFA) (
= 0.041) and in the content of ALA (
= 0.010). The consumption of n-3 PUFA-enriched eggs lowered the Σn-6 PUFA/Σn-3 PUFA ratio in the examinees' blood serum (27%) and had a favourable effect on some blood biochemical indicators. This research confirmed the assumption that the use of a combination of fish and linseed oil in mixtures for laying hens in an amount of up to 5% will increase the content of omega-3 in table eggs, but it was not confirmed that the consumption of these eggs in a short period of time (21 days) has a positive effect on human health.
U radu se istražuje utjecaj intenziteta prirasta Ross 308 brojlera (< 50g prirasta, skupina A; > 50g prirasta skupina B) u tovu do 42 dana na karakteristike trupova, tehnološku kvalitetu prsnoga mesa ...s obzirom na spol i profil masnih kiselina u mišićima prsa i zabataka. Karakteristike trupova određene su na osnovi udjela (%) prsa, bataka sa zabatcima, leđa, krila i randmana (%). Za vrjednovanje tehnološke kvalitete korišteni su sljedeći pokazatelji: pH1, pH2, ΔpH, gubitak mesnoga soka i boje (CIE L*, a*, b*) prsnoga mesa. Utvrđen je statistički značajan utjecaj spola i intenziteta prirasta za živu težinu brojlera, masu trupova (p˂0.001) te udjele prsa (p=0.006) i bataka sa zabatcima (p=0.004). Intenzitet prirasta statistički je značajno utjecao na udjele bataka sa zabacima i krila (p˂0.001). Spol pilića utjecao je na razlike gubitka mesnoga soka, % (p=0.003) i razlike stupnja žutila (p=0.029) prsnoga mesa. Ustanovljena je pozitivna korelacija između pH1 i pH2 (p0.05). Utvrđene su statistički visoko značajne razlike (p˂0.05) u sadržaju pojedinih masnih kiselina između mišića prsa i zabataka.
This research investigates the growth rate of Ross 308 broilers (Group A 50g weight gain) during a 42-day fattening period and its influence on the carcass traits and technological quality of breast meat by referring to the broiler sex and fatty acid profile in breast and thigh muscles. The portions of breasts, drumsticks with thighs, back, wings (%), and dressing percentage (%) are considered for the assessment of carcass traits. Technological quality is determined by reviewing the following indicators: pH1, pH2, ΔpH, drip loss, and the breast meat color (CIE L*, a*, b*) . This research confirms a significant influence of broiler sex and growth rate on the live weight gain and carcass weight (p˂0.001) and the portions of breasts (p=0.006) and drumsticks with thighs (p=0.004) too. The growth rate has a significant influence on the portions of drumsticks with thighs and wings (p˂0.001). Broiler sex exerts an influence on the differences in drip loss, % (p=0.003) and in the yellowness (p=0.029) of breast meat. There is a positive correlation determined between the pH1 and pH2 (p0.05). Highly significant differences (p˂0.05) are determined, however, in the content of certain fatty acids between the breast and thigh muscles.
Japanska prepelica (Coturnix coturnix japonica) uzgaja se radi proizvodnje mesa i jaja, a njen uzgoj u Hrvatskoj obavlja se na malim obiteljskim poljoprivrednim gospodarstvima. U znanstvenoj ...literaturi postoje informacije o kvaliteti prepeličjih jaja i mesa u različitim zemljama svijeta, dok na našem području gotovo da i nema podataka. U radu su prikazani podaci kvalitete prepeličjih jaja iz dva uzgoja na području kontinentalnog dijela Hrvatske. Statistički značajna razlika (P<0,05) u pokazateljima kvalitete jaja prepelica iz dva uzgoja utvrđena je za vrijednosti mase jaja i osnovnih dijelova u jajetu, indeksa oblika, čvrstoće ljuske i pH žumanjaka i bjelanjaka, dok se boja žumanjka, debljina ljuske te udjeli osnovnih dijelova u jajetu nisu značajno razlikovali (P>0,05). Sadržaj kolesterola u žumanjcima prepeličjih jaja u oba uzgoja bio je ujednačen (A=9,3516 mg/g i B=9,2213 mg/g; P>0,05). Ovo istraživanje doprinosi kako znanstvenicima tako i uzgajivačima japanskih prepelica, jer daje korisne podatke o kvaliteti prepeličjih jaja, kojih na ovom području gotovo da nema
Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) is a very good source of meat and eggs, and breeding in Croatia is done on small family farms. In
the scientific literature there is information on the quality of quail eggs and meat in different countries of the world, while in our area there is almost no data. The paper presents dana on the quality of quail
eggs from two producers in the continental part of Croatia. A statistically significant difference (P<0.05) in the quality indicators of quail eggs from two producers was determined for the values of weight of egg and basic parts of egg, shape index, shell strength and pH of egg yolks and albumen, while yolk color, shell thickness and the shares of basic parts in egg did not differ significantly (P>0.05). The cholesterol content in quail egg yolks of
both producers was equable (A=9.3516 mg/g and B=9.2213 mg/g; P>0.05). This research contributes to both scientists and breeders of
Japanese quail, as it provides useful data on the quality of quail eggs, which are almost non-existent in this area.
Current knowledge concerning the possible use and impact of replacing the soybean proteins with those derived from a defatted black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens, HI) meal while feeding chickens to ...produce the meat for human consumption is very limited. This study’s objective was to examine the influence of partial replacement of the HI-defatted flour on chicken meat’s technological properties and quality. 180 one-day-old Ross 308 chicks were divided into three experimental groups (P1, P2, and P3) and one control group counting 45 chicks. The experimental groups were fed with the fattening mixtures containing 15, 25, and 45% of the HI-defatted flour, while the control group was fed in accordance with the standard chicken-fattening requirements. After 42 days, the chickens were slaughtered, and the breasts and drumsticks of 40 chickens were subjected to analysis. A statistically significant difference (P < 0.05) was observed in the P1 for the drip-loss values measured 24 hours after sampling, the muscle resistance to cutting, and the cooking loss values. The water-binding capacity for all three experimental groups did not demonstrate statistically significant differences for the pH1 and pH2 values. Considering the CIE L*a*b* color standard reference values, the results for the breast meat were normally to slightly lighter than normal ones. The basic chemical parameter (water, protein, fat, and collagen) results confirmed that there was no statistically significant difference in any of the experimental groups if compared to the control one.
Jaje je nutritivno visokovrijedna namirnica koja se može obogatiti različitim funkcionalnim sastojcima. Cilj rada bio je proizvesti jaja obogaćena omega-3 masnim kiselinama, usporediti proizvodne ...pokazatelje te utvrditi utjecaj vremena čuvanja jaja na pokazatelje unutarnje kvalitete jaja i oksidaciju masti u konvencionalnim i obogaćenim jajima. U istraživanju je upotrijebljeno 480 kokoši nesilica hibrida TETRA SL. Nesilice su podijeljene u tri pokusne skupine, kontrolna i dvije pokusne (K, P1 i P2). Svaka skupina imala je 160 nesilica podijeljenih u 16 ponavljanja, s 10 nesilica u svakom. Kontrolna skupina nesilica dobivala je hranu s 5 % sojina ulja. Skupina nesilica P1 konzumirala je hranu u kojoj je kombinirano riblje (1,5 %) i laneno ulje (3,5 %), a skupina nesilica P2 dobivala je hranu s 2 % ribljega i 3 % lanena ulja. Nesilice su dizajniranim smjesama hranjene četiri tjedna, a hranu i vodu dobivale su ad libitum. Krmne smjese bile su izbalansirane na 17,0 % sirovih proteina i 12,1 MJ/kg metaboličke energije. Dodatak kombinacije ulja u krmne smjese za nesilice značajno (P<0,001) je smanjio omjer Σn-6/Σn-3 polinezasićenih masnih kiselina (PUFA) u pokusnim smjesama u odnosu na kontrolnu. Sukladno omjeru PUFA-e u krmnim smjesama kretao se i omjer u jajima (K=10,36; P1=1,88 i P2=1,98; P<0,001). Korišteni hranidbeni tretmani nisu imali utjecaja na završne mase nesilica (P>0,05). Proizvodni pokazatelji (broj jaja po nesilici, masa jaja, intenzitet nesivosti i konzumacija hrane) bili su ujednačeni u svim ispitivanim skupinama. Značajan utjecaj (P<0,001) na sve pokazatelje kvalitete jaja (visina bjelanjka, boja žumanjka, Houghove jedinice/HJ, pH bjelanjka i žumanjka) imalo je vrijeme čuvanja jaja. Hranidbeni tretman značajno je utjecao na pH bjelanjka (P<0,001), dok je interakcija hranidbenoga tretmana i vremena čuvanja utjecala na vrijednosti boje žumanjka i pH vrijednosti bjelanjka i žumanjka (P<0,05). U vrijednostima oksidacije lipida TBARS (Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances) u žumanjcima jaja nisu ustanovljenje značajne razlike između skupina svježih niti hlađenih jaja (P>0,05). Rezultati prikazanih analiza ukazuju da konzumacija krmnih smjesa korištenih u ovome pokusu uspješno povećava sadržaj omega-3 PUFA u jajima, a ne narušava proizvodne pokazatelje i kvalitetu jaja. Rezultati također ukazuju da je važno voditi računa o vremenu i načinu čuvanja jaja, jer vrijeme čuvanja ima značajan utjecaj na promjene u vrijednostima pokazatelja kvalitete jaja.
Egg is a nutritionally valuable food that can be enriched with various functional ingredients. The aim of the paper was to produce the eggs enriched with the omega-3 fatty acids, compare production indicators, and determine the influence of egg storage time on the indicators of internal egg quality and lipid oxidation in conventional and enriched eggs. The research was conducted on 480 laying hens of the TETRA SL hybrid. The laying hens were divided into three groups, a control (K) group and two experimental (P1 and P2) groups. Each group consisted of 160 layers divided in 16 repetitions, with 10 hens per repetitions. The control group of laying hens consumed the feed with 5% soybean oil. The group of hens marked P1 consumed the feed in which fish (1.5%) and linseed oil (3.5%) were combined, and the group of hens marked P2 received the feed with 2% fish and 3% linseed oil. Laying hens were fed with the designed mixtures for 4 weeks, and they received the feed and water ad libitum. The feed mixtures were balanced at 17.0% crude protein and 12.1 MJ/kg of metabolic energy. The addition of oil combination to the laying hens’ feed mixtures significantly (P<0.001) reduced the ratio of Σn-6/Σn-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in the experimental mixtures when compared to the control. The ratio of PUFA in eggs (K=10.36; P1=1.88 and P2=1.98; P<0.001) changed in accordance with the ratio in the feed mixtures. The nutritional treatments used had no effect on the final weight of laying hens (P>0.05). Production indicators (number of eggs per layer, egg weight, the intensity of laying, and feed consumption) were uniform in all tested groups. Egg storage time had a significant influence (P<0.001) on all egg-quality indicators (albumen height, yolk color, Haugh units/HU, and the pH of albumen and yolk). Nutritional treatment significantly affected the pH of albumen (P<0.001), while the interaction of nutritional treatment and storage time affected yolk color values and pH values of albumen and yolk (P<0.05). No significant differences were detected in the values of lipid oxidation TBARS (Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances) in egg yolks between the groups of either the fresh or of the chilled eggs (P>0.05). The results of the presented analyses indicate that the consumption of feed mixtures used in this experiment successfully increases the content of omega-3 PUFA in eggs but does not impair production indicators and egg quality. The results also indicate that it is important to take care of the time and method of egg storage, because the storage time has a significant impact on the changes in the values of egg quality indicators.
Istraživanje je provedeno u fazaneriji Božur u mjestu Satnica Đakovačka. Fazani su držani u zatvorenom objektu uz mogućnost ispusta. Za potrebe istraživanja uzorkovano je 120 jaja običnog fazana, ...smeđe i zelene boje ljuske. Ženke su pronijele početkom ožujka, a krajem ožujka i početkom svibnja obavljena su uzorkovanja jaja za analize. Prilikom prvog uzorkovanja jaja u ožujku fazanke su bile u 5. tjednu nesivosti, a prilikom uzorkovanja jaja u svibnju bile su u 10. tjednu nesivosti. Cilj rada bio je procijeniti utjecaj perioda nesenja na kvalitetu rasplodnih jaja običnog fazana (Phasianus colchicus) iz kontroliranog uzgoja, kao i utvrditi sadržaj masnih kiselina i kolesterola u žumanjcima jaja. Fazani su hranjeni krmnom smjesom izbalansiranom na 17,30 % proteina. Hranjenje i napajanje bilo je ad libitum. U svrhu istraživanja korištene su različite priznate znanstvene metode za određivanje kvalitete jaja, sadržaja masnih kiselina i kolesterola u žumanjcima jaja. Istraživanjem je utvrđeno da period nesenja utječe na masu jaja, površinu jaja, masu ljuske, masu bjelanjka, masu, visinu i pH žumanjka (P<0,05). Sadržaj masnih kiselina bio je ujednačen u oba termina analize (ožujak-svibanj), s tim da su vrijednosti miristinske, palmitinske i ΣSFA bile značajno veće kod jaja uzorkovanih u svibnju u odnosu na ožujak, a sadržaj linolne i ukupne n-6 PUFA u tom periodu bile su značajno niže (P<0,05). Na ostale analizirane pokazatelje period nesenja jaja nije imao utjecaja (P>0,05). Prema rezultatima istraživanja može se zaključiti kako se kvaliteta rasplodnih jaja običnog fazana iz kontroliranog uzgoja mijenja s obzirom na period nesenja (ožujak 5. tjedan nesivosti odnosno svibanj 10. tjedan nesivosti).
The research was conducted at the pheasant farm Božur in Satnica Đakovačka. Pheasants were kept in a closed building with the possibility of an outlet. For the purposes of the research, 120 common pheasant eggs, with brown and green shells, were sampled. Females laid eggs in early March, and egg sampling for analysis was carried out at the end of March and the beginning of May. During the first egg sampling in March, the pheasants were in the 5th week of laying, and when the eggs were sampled in May, they were in the 10th week of laying. The aim of the work was to assess the influence of the laying period on the quality of common pheasants’ (Phasianus colchicus) breeding eggs from controlled breeding, as well as to determine the acids content fatty and cholesterol in egg yolks. Pheasants were fed a feed mixture balanced to 17.30% protein. Feeding and watering was ad libitum. For the purpose of research, various recognized scientific methods were used to determine the quality of eggs, the fatty acids content and cholesterol in egg yolks. The research found that the laying period affects egg weight, egg surface, shell mass, albumen weight, and weight, height and pH of yolk (P<0.05). The fatty acids content was uniform in both periods of analysis (March – May), with the fact that the values of myristic, palmitic and ΣSFA were significantly higher in eggs sampled in May compared to March, while the content of linoleic and total n-6 PUFA in that period was significantly lower (P<0.05). The laying period had no effect on other analyzed indicators (P>0.05). According to the research results, it can be concluded that the quality of breeding eggs of common pheasants from controlled breeding changes with regard to the laying period (March 5th week of laying and May 10th week of laying).
Jaje je animalna namirnica koja je nutritivno izbalansirana, a cjenovno je prihvatljiva da se svakodnevno koristi u domaćinstvu. Dizajniranjem smjesa za nesilice moguće je jaje obogatiti različitim ...nutricinima. Stoga je cilj ovog rada bio proizvesti jaja obogaćena selenom, te ispitati njegov učinak na pokazatelje kvalitete i održivost svježine jaja tijekom skladištenja u trajanju od 28 dana u hladnjaku na 4 °C. U istraživanju je korišteno 120 nesilica hibrida Tetra SL. Pokus je trajao 5 tjedana. Na početku pokusa nesilice su bile u dobi od 30 tjedana. Formirane su dvije skupine P1 i P2, koje su hranjene s dvije smjese. Svaka skupina smještena je u 6 kaveza sa po 10 nesilica. Krmne smjese kojima su hranjene nesilice razlikovale su se u sadržaju organskog selena (Sel-Plex). Hrana nesilica iz skupine P1 sadržala je nižu razinu selena (0,348 mg Se/kg smjese), a nesilice skupine P2 konzumirale su hranu s višom razinom selena (0,447 mg Se/kg smjese). Na kraju pokusnog razdoblja uzorkovano je ukupno 120 jaja (P1 60 komada i P2 60 komada). Jaja su pripadala razredu L (masa jaja od 63-73 g). Promatrani efekti (hranidbeni tretmani, vrijeme skladištenja i interakcija) nisu imali utjecaja na vrijednosti indeksa oblika, masu jaja i ljuske, čvrstoću i debljinu ljuske (P>0,05). Vrijeme skladištenja imalo je utjecaj na masu žumanjka (P<0,001) i masu bjelanjka (P=0,010). Razina selena u hrani i vrijeme skladištenja utjecali su na porast pH vrijednosti u žumanjcima i bjelanjcima (P<0,001). Vrijeme skladištenja jaja statistički je značajno utjecalo na smanjenje visine bjelanjka (mm) i Hough jedinica (HJ) (P<0,001), dok su na intenzitet boje utjecali vrijeme skladištenja i interakcija (P < 0,05). Oksidacija lipida u žumanjcima jaja ispitivanih skupina bila je ujednačena, nisu utvrđene statistički značajne razlike u dobivenim vrijednostima (P>0,05). Razina Se u krmnim smjesama za nesilice značajno je utjecala na njegov sadržaj u bjelanjcima i žumanjcima jaja. Kod bjelanjka sadržaj selena se povećao sa 107,86 na 162,48 μg/kg (P1 u odnosu na P2; P<0,001) i u žumanjcima sa 644,11 na 748,05 μg/kg (P1 u odnosu na P2; P= 0,032). Istraživanjem je utvrđena mogućnost povećanja sadržaja selena u jajima korištenjem organskog oblika selena u krmnoj smjesi za nesilice. Također je uočeno da viša razina selena u hrani utječe na veće odlaganje selena u jestivom dijelu jaja, te pozitivno djeluje na pokazatelje kvalitete i svježine jaja.
Egg is an animal food that is nutritionally balanced, and the price is acceptable for daily use in the household. By designing mixtures for laying hens, it is possible to enrich the egg with different nutrients. Therefore, the aim of this work was to produce eggs enriched with selenium, and to examine its effect on quality indicators and sustainability of egg freshness during storage for 28 days in a refrigerator at 4oC. In the research were used 120 layers of the Tetra SL hybrid. The experiment lasted 5 weeks. At the beginning of the experiment, the laying hens were 30 weeks old. Two groups P1 and P2 were formed, which were fed with two mixtures. Each group is placed in 6 cages with 10 layers each. The feed mixtures fed to laying hens differed in their content of organic selenium (Sel-Plex). The food of laying hens from group P1 contained a lower level of selenium (0.348 mg Se/kg mixture), and hens of group P2 consumed food with a higher level of selenium (0.447 mg Se/kg mixture). At the end of the experimental period, a total of 120 eggs were sampled (P1 60 pieces and P2 60 pieces). The eggs belonged to class L (egg weight of 63-73 g). The observed effects (feeding treatment, storage time and interaction) had no influence on the shape index values, egg and shell weight, shell strength and thickness (P>0.05). Storage time had an effect on yolk weight (P<0.001) and egg white weight (P=0.010). Selenium levels in food and storage time influenced the increase in pH value in egg yolks and egg whites (P<0.001). Egg storage time had a statistically significant effect on the reduction of egg white height (mm) and Haugh units/HU (P<0.001), while the color intensity was influenced by storage time and interaction (P<0.05). Lipid oxidation in egg yolks of the tested groups was uniform, no statistically significant differences were found in the obtained values (P>0.05). The level of Se in feed mixtures for laying hens significantly influenced its content in egg whites and yolks. In egg whites, the selenium content increased from 107.86 to 162.48 μg/kg (P1 in relation to P2; P<0.001) and in yolks from 644.11 to 748.05 μg/kg (P1 in relation to P2; P= 0.032). The research established the possibility of increasing the content of selenium in eggs by using the organic form of selenium in feed for laying hens. It was also observed that a higher level of selenium in food affects a greater deposition of selenium in the edible part of eggs, and has a positive effect on indicators of egg quality and freshness.
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