•PPRV outbreak occurred in the Eastern Indian state of Odisha in the year 2016 was investigated.•We observed 90 % morbidity and 42 % mortality rate with the current isolates.•Phylogenetic analysis ...revealed that the circulating strain belonged to lineage IV.•Interestingly we observed four unique mutations in N gene including one mutation in the RNA binding region.•We postulate that N mutations could influence genome transcription, replication and overall viral pathogenesis.
Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) is an economically significant viral disease of small ruminants across the globe. Despite having efficacious vaccines and global eradication efforts, PRRV outbreaks still exist, particularly in developing countries. To better understand the viral isolates that circulate in India, we investigated clinical cases of PPRV outbreak that occurred in the Eastern Indian state of Odisha in the year 2016. We observed 90 % morbidity and 42 % mortality rate with the current isolates. Phylogenetic analysis based on the complete viral nucleocapsid (N) genes revealed that the circulating strain belonged to lineage IV along with the other Asian Isolates of PPRVs. Interestingly we observed four unique mutations in the N gene including one mutation in the RNA binding region of the protein. As N protein plays an essential role in the protection of viral genome and subsequently coordinates viral gene transcription and genome replication, we postulate that these mutations would influence overall viral pathogenesis in its natural host.
Cardiotoxicity is an imperative issue in the assessment of heavy metal consumption and inorganic arsenic (As). These have a cardiotoxic effect which is evaluated by biochemical, and ...oxidative-antioxidant tests, and by the Nrf2- HO-1 pathway. Dried ginger powder is recognized for its efficient antioxidant activities and as a protector of the cardiovascular system from toxic damage caused by heavy metals. However, the possible function of ginger against As in heart via heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2) is unclear. A total of 120 White Pekin ducks were randomly distributed into groups comprising 24 birds in each. Each group comprised 3 replicates having 8 birds in each replicate. The time period of this study was 90 days. The groups were the control Group I whereas groups II to IV were fed a basal diet including arsenic at 28 mg/L. Dried ginger powder as an ameliorative agent was mixed with the basal diet and fed at 0.1, 0.3 and 1 g/kg feed to groups III, IV and V, respectively. In the current experiment, dried ginger powder decreased As-induced reactive oxygen species (ROSs) production, oxidative injury and pathological modifications. In addition, cardiac dysfunction factors, intracellular calcium (Ca2+), As accumulation and cAMP deficiency levels were noticed in ducks; these alternations were attenuated by ginger. Furthermore, ginger significantly altered the down regulation of both HO-1 and Nrf2 gene expressions caused by As. Thus, the proven protective role of ginger against As-induced cardiotoxicity may be a consequence of the maintenance of redox homeostasis, i.e. the Nrf2-HO-1 pathway and by enabling As efflux.
Meat is a rich source of high biological proteins, vitamins, and minerals, but it is devoid of dietary fiber, an essential non-digestible carbohydrate component such as cellulose, hemicellulose, ...pectin, lignin, polysaccharides, and oligosaccharides. Dietary fibers are basically obtained from various cereals, legumes, fruits, vegetables, and their by-products and have numerous nutritional, functional, and health-benefiting properties. So, these fibers can be added to meat products to enhance their physicochemical properties, chemical composition, textural properties, and organoleptic qualities, as well as biological activities in controlling various lifestyle ailments such as obesity, certain cancers, type-II diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and bowel disorders. These dietary fibers can also be used in meat products as an efficient extender/binder/filler to reduce the cost of production by increasing the cooking yield as well as by reducing the lean meat content and also as a fat replacer to minimize unhealthy fat content in the developed meat products. So, growing interest has been observed among meat processors, researchers, and scientists in exploring various new sources of dietary fibers for developing dietary fiber-enriched meat products in recent years. In the present review, various novel sources of dietary fibers, their physiological effects, their use in meat products, and their impact on various physicochemical, functional, and sensory attributes have been focused.
Gastrointestinal (GI) disorders in small ruminants limit production efficiency and productivity growth in the livestock sector, thereby directly preventing farmers from augmenting their income. This ...study aimed to provide detailed insight into the etiology, hematobiochemical parameters, and epidemiological risk factors of GI disorders in goats and to determine the pathology associated with the disorders.
Over the period of 2018-2019, 500 goats in and around Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India, were screened for GI disorders based on clinical signs. Blood samples from the control (n=10) and treatment (n=25) groups were collected for both hematological and serum biochemical alterations. Fecal examinations (n=220) were conducted for parasitic, bacterial, and virological assessments. Detailed necropsy and histopathological evaluations were conducted on 27 goats.
The GI disorder prevalence rate and mortality rate among the 500 goats analyzed were 44.4% and 12.27%, respectively. Chi-square analysis showed a significantly higher occurrence of GI disorders among the goats that were between 6 months and 1.5 years old (58.72%), were of the Ganjam breed (45.49%), had a poor body condition (71.11%), and were housed with an earthen floor (55.22%). The most common etiological risk factor observed was parasitic infection (65.45%), followed by bacterial (18.18%) and mixed infection (9.54%). Blood analysis showed neutrophilia and eosinophilia in infected goats, in addition to anemia; significant decreases in total protein, globulin, albumin, and glucose levels; and significant increases in aspartate transaminase and alanine aminotransferase levels. The major histopathological findings were infiltration of mononuclear cells and desquamation of the intestinal and ruminal mucosa.
Stakeholders should focus not only on parasitic infections and other important etiological risk factors for GI disorders in goats but also on proper farming management practices to help enhance the income of farmers. The hematobiochemical alterations and pathomorphological changes reported in this study can be used by field veterinarians as guidelines for clinical evaluation and disease severity assessment.
The present study was conducted on 15 healthy captive and/or wild Asian elephants of Odisha, divided into 3 groups (n=5), for management of different foot affections. Group A was comprised of ...conventionally treated elephants with surgical debridement of foot lesions followed by regular dressing. Group B and Group C elephants were treated with tip and swab method of cryotherapy, respectively. A non-significant (p>0.05) increase in clinic-physiological and haematobiochemical parameters had been observed; while the rectal temperature increased initially on day 3 followed by decrease in values from 7 days onwards alike a non-significant (p>0.05) decrease in TLC and neutrophil (%). It was concluded that as compared to conventional methods, cryotherapy via probe or tip applicator and swab method of freezing proved to be more fruitful in healing of foot lesions.
The research was conducted in 12 female dogs undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy. They were divided into two groups of six animals each to evaluate and compare sedative effect in Group-I atropine- ...meloxicam - dexmedetomidine - butorphanol - midazolam - ketamine and Group-II atropine- meloxicam - xylazine - butorphanol - midazolam - ketamine anaesthetic combination. Maintenance of anaesthesia was done by ketamine in both the groups. Anaesthetic combinations were evaluated by clinical and physiological observations. Adequate muscle relaxation, sedation and analgesia necessary for surgical intervention were achieved along with smooth and uneventful recovery of the patients. Onset of sedation and induction time were quicker in Group-I. Physiological parameters fluctuated within the normal limits. Both anaesthetic protocols in the present study provided satisfactory surgical plane of anaesthesia in dogs. But dexmedetomidine may be preferred over xylazine in the anaesthetic regimen of atropine-meloxicam-butorphanolmidazolam-ketamine for elective ovariohysterectomy in dogs.
The toxic metalloid arsenic is known to cause liver and kidney injury in many humans and animals. The goal of this paper was to exemplify the antagonism of ginger against arsenic (As)-induced ...hepato-renal toxicity. In addition, the pathways Nrf2/Keap1 and NF/κB were studied to reveal the molecular mechanism of the stress. One hundred twenty 7-day-old White Pekin ducks were randomly allocated into five groups, having 24 birds in each. Each group contained three replicates having 8 birds in each replicate and maintained for 90 days. The groups were as follows: T-1 control-basal diet with normal water, T-2 T1 + As at 28 ppm/L of water, T-3 T2 + ginger powder at 100 mg/kg feed, T-4 T2 + ginger powder at 300 mg/kg feed, and T-5 T2 + ginger powder at 1 g/kg feed. It was observed that there was a significant increase in oxidative parameters whereas a significant decrease in antioxidant parameters in hepato-renal tissues in T-2. The exposure to As not only decreased the mRNA expression of antioxidant parameters like Nrf2, SOD-1, CAT, GPX, and HO-1and anti-inflammatory markers like IL-4 and IL-10 but also increased the m-RNA expression of NF-κB, Keap-1 and pro-inflammatory markers like IL-2, Il-6, IL-18, IL-1β, and TNF-α. There was also an accumulation of As in hepatic and renal tissue, confirmed by residual analysis of these tissues. By correlating the above parameters, As at 28 ppm showed significant toxic effects, and ginger powder at 1 g/kg feed effectively counteracted the toxic effects of As in ducks.
The objective of the present study was to investigate the epidemiological and haematological parameters with simultaneous molecular detection of Theileria orientalis infection of crossbred jersey ...(CBJ) cattle. Haematological values like mean hemoglobin (Hb) (7.31 ± 2.3 g/dl), packed cell volume (PCV) (21.69 ± 6.11%), red blood cells count (RBCs) (4.40 ± 1.6 M/μl), white blood cells count (WBCs) (6.93 ± 3.06 103/µl) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) (33.56 ± 3.51 g/dl) were decreased significantly (p < 0.05), whereas mean corpuscular volume (MCV) (51.06 ± 6.14fl) and eosinophil count (0.39 ± 0.44 103/µl) were significantly (p < 0.05) increased in cattle infected with T. orientalis. Analysis of major piroplasm surface protein (MPSP) of 110 blood samples randomly collected from cattle from seven districts by PCR indicated that an average of 70% of cattle was positive for T. orientalis infection. In particular, Puri and Khorda districts were identified as relatively high-risk areas for T. orientalis infection, with infection rates of 76.66% and 72.4%, respectively. The phylogenetic analysis of isolated T. orientalis MPSP gene (MN334767) classified it into type 5. Earlier Indian isolates were classified into three types viz.type 1, type 3 and type 7 and this is the first time to detect type 5 in Odisha, India.
•Immunization showed a significant lower oocyst output than amprolium + sulphaquinoxaline.•Concerning weight gain and feed conversion ratio, immunization was superior to ...amprolium + sulphaquinoxaline.•Regarding hematology, immunization was better than amprolium + sulphaquinoxaline.
This study was carried out to compare the efficacy of immunization, by a low-dose of live sporulated oocysts of different Eimeria species separately, with the efficacy of amprolium plus sulphaquinoxaline in the management of challenged coccidiosis in Japanese quail. Dropping samples were collected and sent to the laboratory for isolation and identification of Eimeria species. Three Eimeria species were isolated and identified as E. bateri, E. uzura, and E. tsunodai. Single oocyst isolation and propagation were done successfully for each species. For the experimental trial, Japanese quails were divided into 11 groups of thirty birds each and given different treatments. The assessment of each treatment relied on clinical signs, mortality, lesion score, oocyst output, weight gain, feed conversion ratio, and hematological parameters. The results revealed that immunization, with any isolated species, gave the best results regarding all tested parameters. Thus, we concluded that immunization by a low-dose of live sporulated oocysts was better compared to amprolium plus sulphaquinoxaline in the management of coccidiosis in Japanese quail.
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