This work is intended to design a quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) system starting from the device design, characterization and optimization which is then followed by the circuit level ...implementation and finally the system level configuration. Tunnel Field Effect Transistor (TFET) technology came into existence because of the inability of CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) to produce reduced leakage current (I
) in the subthreshold regime. With the effects of scaling and requirement of high doping concentrations, TFET is not capable to produce stable reduction in I
due to the variation in ON and OFF current. To improve the switching ratio of the current and to obtain good subthreshold swing (SS) by overcoming the limitations of junction TFET, a new device design is proposed for the first time in this work. A pocket double gate asymmetric Junction less TFET (poc-DG-AJLTFET) structure has been proposed in which uniform doping is used to eliminate the junctions and a pocket of length 2 nm made of Silicon-Germanium (SiGe) material has been introduced to improve the designed structure performance in the weak inversion region and increase the drive current (I
). The work function has been tuned to produce the best results for poc-DG-AJLTFET and with our proposed poc-DG-AJLTFET, effects of interface traps are eliminated as against conventional JLTFET structures. The notion that low-threshold voltage device yields high I
has been proved wrong with our poc-DG-AJLTFET design, as it produced low threshold voltage with lower I
which reduced the power dissipation. Numerical results show that drain induced barrier lowering (DIBL) of 2.75 mV/V is achieved which could be less than 35 times required for short channel effects to be minimum. In terms of gate to drain capacitance (C
), it is found that ~ 10
reduction which greatly improves device inertia to internal electrical interference. Also, improvement in transconductance is achieved by 10
times, 10
times improvement in I
/I
ratio, and 400 times higher unity gain cutoff-frequency (f
) which would be required by all communication systems. The Verilog models of the designed device are used to construct the leaf cells of quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) system and the implemented QPSK system is taken as a key evaluator in the performance evaluation in terms of propagation delay and power consumption of poc-DG-AJLTFET in modern satellite communication systems.
Semiconductor devices used in radiation environment are more prone to degradation in device performance. Junctionless Tunnel Field Effect Transistor (JLTFET) is one of the most potential candidates ...which overcomes the short channel effects and fabrication difficulties. In this work, 20 nm JLTFET is proposed with Silicon in the drain/channel region whereas source uses different materials, Silicon Germanium (SiGe), Gallium Nitride (GaN), Gallium Arsenide (GaAs), Indium Arsenide (InAs). The device performance is examined by subjecting it to heavy ion radiation at a lower and higher dose of linear energy transfer (LET) values. It can be seen that the most sensitive location is the source/channel (S/C) interface for SiGe, GaN and GaAs whereas the drain/channel (D/C) interface for InAs. Further analysis is carried out at these vulnerable regions by matching I
of all materials. The parameters, transient peak current (I
), collected charge (Q
), threshold voltage shift (ΔV
) and bipolar gain (β) are extracted using transient simulations. It is observed that for a lower dose of LET, I
of SiGe is 27% lesser than InAs and for higher dose of LET, SiGe shows 56% lesser I
than InAs. SiGe is less sensitive at lower and higher dose of LET due to reduced ΔV
, tunneling and electron density.
In present study, selenium was selected for evaluating effect of selenium on aluminum chloride (AlCl
3
)-induced Alzheimer’s disease in rats. Thirty Wistar rats were divided into five groups of six ...in each. Group I (control) received distilled water, group II—AlCl
3
(100 mg/kg, p.o.), group III—selenium (1 mg/kg, p.o.), group IV—AlCl
3
+ vitamin E (100 mg/kg, p.o. + 100 mg/kg, p.o.), and group V—AlCl
3
+ selenium (100 mg/kg, p.o. + 1 mg/kg, p.o.) for 21 days. At end of experiment, various behavioral, biochemical, and histopathological assessments were carried out. The animals showed increase in time to reach platform in Morris water maze and decreased step-down latencies in passive avoidance test indicating learning and memory impairment in aluminum chloride-treated group, but administration of selenium decreased time to reach platform in Morris water maze, increased step-down latencies, and strengthened its memory action in drug-treated animals. There was decrease in muscle strength measured by rotarod test indicating motor incoordination and decrease in locomotor activity assessed by actophotometer test in AlCl
3
control group, whereas in selenium–AlCl
3
group, there was improvement in muscle strength and locomotion. Biochemical analysis of the brain revealed that chronic administration of AlCl
3
significantly increased lipid peroxidation and decreased levels of acetyl cholinesterase, catalase, reduced glutathione and glutathione reductase, an index of oxidative stress process. Administration of selenium attenuated lipid peroxidation and ameliorated the biochemical changes. There were marked changes at subcellular level observed by histopathology studies in AlCl
3
group, and better improvement in these changes was observed in selenium + AlCl
3
group. Therefore, this study strengthens the hypothesis that selenium helps to combat oxidative stress produced by accumulation of AlCl
3
in the brain and helps in prophylaxis of Alzheimer’s diseases.
The recovery of metals from electronic waste was investigated by using fungal strain
Aspergillus fumigatus
A2DS, isolated from the mining industry wastewater. Fifty-seven percent of copper and 32% of ...nickel were leached (analyzed by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES)) by the organism after one-step leaching at a temperature of 30 °C (shaking condition for 7 days). Maximum % of copper and nickel were obtained at a pH of 6 (58.7% Cu and 32% Ni), the temperature of 40 °C (61.8% Cu and 27.07% Ni), a pulp density of 0.5% (62% Cu and 42.37% Ni), and inoculums of 1% (58% Cu and 32.29% Ni). The XRD pattern of PCB showed 77.6% of copper containing compounds. XRD analysis of the leachate residue showed only 23.2% Euchorite (ASCu
2
H
7
O
8
) and 9.4% other copper containing compounds, indicating the leaching property of the fungus. HPLC analysis of the spent medium showed the presence of different acids like citric, succinic, and fumaric acid. The FTIR spectrum showed a decrease in carboxylic stretching in the leachate produced after bioleaching using spent medium. ICPOES of the leachate obtained using spent medium showed that 61% of the copper and 35% of nickel were leached out after seven days of incubation at shaking condition and 57% of copper and 32.8% of nickel at static condition confirming acidolysis property of the strain.
A. fumigatus
A2DS metal absorption and adsorption ability were observed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX) respectively. The results thus indicate that bioleaching of Cu and Ni is bioleached by
A. fumigatus
A2DS.
There are few in vitro models of exocrine pancreas development and primary human pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC). We establish three-dimensional culture conditions to induce the differentiation of ...human pluripotent stem cells into exocrine progenitor organoids that form ductal and acinar structures in culture and in vivo. Expression of mutant KRAS or TP53 in progenitor organoids induces mutation-specific phenotypes in culture and in vivo. Expression of TP53(R175H) induces cytosolic SOX9 localization. In patient tumors bearing TP53 mutations, SOX9 was cytoplasmic and associated with mortality. We also define culture conditions for clonal generation of tumor organoids from freshly resected PDAC. Tumor organoids maintain the differentiation status, histoarchitecture and phenotypic heterogeneity of the primary tumor and retain patient-specific physiological changes, including hypoxia, oxygen consumption, epigenetic marks and differences in sensitivity to inhibition of the histone methyltransferase EZH2. Thus, pancreatic progenitor organoids and tumor organoids can be used to model PDAC and for drug screening to identify precision therapy strategies.
Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), a microbiota-derived metabolite has been implicated in human health and disease. Its early detection in body fluids has been presumed to be significant in understanding ...the pathogenesis and treatment of many diseases. Hence, the development of reliable and rapid technologies for TMAO detection may augment our understanding of pathogenesis and diagnosis of diseases that TMAO has implicated. The present work is the first report on the development of a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) based electrochemical sensor for sensitive and selective detection of TMAO in body fluids. The MIP developed was based on the polypyrrole (PPy), which was synthesized via chemical oxidation polymerization method, with and without the presence of TMAO. The MIP, NIP and the non-sonicated polymer (PPy-TMAO) were separately deposited electrophoretically onto the hydrolyzed indium tin oxide (ITO) coated glasses. The chemical, morphological, and electrochemical behavior of MIP, non-imprinted polymer (NIP), and PPy-TMAO were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and electrochemical techniques. The detection response was recorded using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), which revealed a decrease in the peak current with the increase in concentration of TMAO. The MIP sensor showed a dynamic detection range of 1-15 ppm with a sensitivity of 2.47 µA mL ppm
cm
. The developed sensor is easy to construct and operate and is also highly selective to detect TMAO in body fluids such as urine. The present research provides a basis for innovative strategies to develop sensors based on MIP to detect other metabolites derived from gut microbiota that are implicated in human health and diseases.
The exocrine pancreas, consisting of ducts and acini, is the site of origin of pancreatitis and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Our understanding of the genesis and progression of human ...pancreatic diseases, including PDAC, is limited because of challenges in maintaining human acinar and ductal cells in culture. Here we report induction of human pluripotent stem cells toward pancreatic ductal and acinar organoids that recapitulate properties of the neonatal exocrine pancreas. Expression of the PDAC-associated oncogene GNASR201C induces cystic growth more effectively in ductal than acinar organoids, whereas KRASG12D is more effective in modeling cancer in vivo when expressed in acinar compared with ductal organoids. KRASG12D, but not GNASR201C, induces acinar-to-ductal metaplasia-like changes in culture and in vivo. We develop a renewable source of ductal and acinar organoids for modeling exocrine development and diseases and demonstrate lineage tropism and plasticity for oncogene action in the human pancreas.
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•Generation and long-term maintenance of human acinar organoids from stem cells•GNASR201C induces cystic growth more effectively in ductal than in acinar organoids•KRASG12D induces cancerous lesions more often from acinar versus ductal organoids•KRASG12D in acinar organoids induces an acinar-to-ductal metaplasia-like phenotype
Huang et al. describe conditions for generation of pancreatic ductal and acinar organoids from human stem cells. Expression of KRASG12D or GNASR201C induced cell-lineage-specific phenotypes and cell-state plasticity in culture and in vivo, identifying a renewable source of ductal and acinar organoids for modeling development and diseases of the exocrine pancreas.
Junctionless tunnel field effect transistor (JLTFET) is one of the most promising devices due to its exceptional performance as it combines the advantages of JLFET (junctionless field effect ...transistor) and TFET (tunneling field effect transistor). In this study, 20 nm JLTFET is proposed, and for the first time, the device performance is investigated by exposing it to heavy ion radiation for a lower and higher dose of LET values. The most sensitive location for the radiation study is found to be the channel region. The parameters, collected charge (
Q
C
), transient peak current (
I
peak
), and bipolar gain (
β
) are extracted with respect to time and found to be totally insensitive for lower dose whereas less sensitive for higher dose of LET values. This is due to the maximum electron density prevailing for a higher dose at a particular time instant. The same study is repeated for a varying temperature range from 100 K to 500 K and found that the device is insensitive for lower temperature and lower dose of LET values. It is good to mention that at a lower temperature, subthreshold swing (SS) and β gets decreased whereas for higher temperature, threshold voltage (
V
th
) follows a decreasing trend which makes the device suitable for radiation hardening applications.
In the present study, a greener method has been developed for the synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles using the aqueous leaf extract of Elaeocarpus Sylvestris. The as-synthesized Elaeocarpus ...Sylvestris-coated ZnO nanoparticles (ESZnO NPs) were characterized using various spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. The average size of the ESZnO NPs was 81 nm based on TEM analysis. FTIR spectra revealed that Elaeocarpus Sylvestris leaf extract contains phenolic compounds, and accordingly, a plausible mechanism for the formation of ZnO NPs was proposed. The prepared ESZnO NPs exhibited efficient photocatalytic activity for the removal of methyl orange (MO) and methylene blue (MB) organic dye pollutants. The photocatalytic degradation of MO and MB followed pseudo first order kinetics with rate constants of 0.00265 min−1 and 0.01034 min−1, respectively. The antimicrobial activity of the ESZnO NPs was evaluated against both gram-positive bacteria (Enterococcus faecalis) and gram-negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) employing the agar-well diffusion method. ESZnO NPs have shown promising antimicrobial activity. The current study shows a newer path for synthesizing ZnO NPs with a wide range of applications.
To explore the genetic contribution to autistic spectrum disorders (ASDs), we have studied genomic copy-number variation in a large cohort of families with a single affected child and at least one ...unaffected sibling. We confirm a major contribution from de novo deletions and duplications but also find evidence of a role for inherited “ultrarare” duplications. Our results show that, relative to males, females have greater resistance to autism from genetic causes, which raises the question of the fate of female carriers. By analysis of the proportion and number of recurrent loci, we set a lower bound for distinct target loci at several hundred. We find many new candidate regions, adding substantially to the list of potential gene targets, and confirm several loci previously observed. The functions of the genes in the regions of de novo variation point to a great diversity of genetic causes but also suggest functional convergence.
► Rare de novo CNVs and transmitted duplications contribute to ASDs ► More candidate regions are detailed at a finer scale than earlier CGH studies ► A lower bound on the total number of ASD target loci is at least several hundred ► The fate of undiagnosed female carriers of ASD-causing mutations is unclear
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