Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae causes porcine pleuropneumonia, a highly contagious disease for which there is no effective vaccine. This review considers how adhesins, iron-acquisition factors, ...capsule and lipopolysaccharide, RTX cytotoxins and other potential future vaccine components contribute to colonisation, to avoidance of host clearance mechanisms and to damage of host tissues.
The dissolution of liquids with low mutual solubility is typically slow. However, drops of sparingly soluble, low-density, low-surface-tension liquids often dissolve rapidly on water due to surface ...tension instabilities and gradients. We report observations of the motion and dissolution of drops of aliphatic alcohols of a wide range of alkyl chain lengths as they dissolve in water. The alcohol drops are rendered visible by adding small amounts of iodine or other dyes. These drops display dewetting instabilities, fragmentation, fingering, and oscillation. As the length of the alcohol carbon chain increases from n = 4 to n = 9, dissolution slows dramatically. The roles of alcohol solubility and water surface area in promoting rapid dissolution are discussed.
Simple exposure of single-crystal ZnO to 193 nm excimer laser radiation at room temperature results in unexpected coloration. The gray to nearly black colored material, seen principally in the ...irradiated laser spot, is superficial. We present unambiguous evidence that this coloration is due to high densities of metallic Zn nanoparticles growing on the exposed surface of the crystal. Higher fluence laser exposure generates accumulated surface metal just outside of the irradiated spot. We suggest that the near surface bulk is photodecomposing; thermally driven diffusion leads to surface Zn metal aggregation.
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