This research was designed to extend the scope and conversation of conservation of resource theory (COR) to contexts of uncertainty, including entrepreneurship. In doing so, the resource–induced ...coping heuristic (RICH) construct is introduced, developed, and validated. Results from two investigations, involving three samples and a total of 813 participants, indicated strong reliability, and internal validity for the theoretically justified, three–factor measure. Also, results of validity tests show the RICH as a robust predictor of factors pertaining to entrepreneurial success, including financial performance and perceived entrepreneurial success. Practical and academic implications, strengths and limitations, and directions for future research are discussed.
Alertness is increasingly associated with entrepreneurial opportunities. However, ambiguity in the conceptualization and operationalization of the construct have limited its potential and utility for ...entrepreneurship research. Given the variations in treatment of alertness, we investigate the concept as it is currently evolving in entrepreneurship scholarship. With this examination, we bring to the forefront inconsistencies and emerging trends regarding the nomological alignment and measurement of alertness. This review and synthesis of alertness research clarifies conceptual inconsistencies stemming from its Kirznerian roots and offers a framework with agenda for entrepreneurial alertness research. This agenda includes the application of entrepreneurial alertness to the opportunity creation paradigm.
Recent reports suggest that an increasing number of organizations are using information from social media platforms such as Facebook.com to screen job applicants. Unfortunately, empirical research ...concerning the potential implications of this practice is extremely limited. We address the use of social media for selection by examining how recruiter ratings of Facebook profiles fare with respect to two important criteria on which selection procedures are evaluated: criterion-related validity and subgroup differences (which can lead to adverse impact). We captured Facebook profiles of college students who were applying for full-time jobs, and recruiters from various organizations reviewed the profiles and provided evaluations. We then followed up with applicants in their new jobs. Recruiter ratings of applicants’ Facebook information were unrelated to supervisor ratings of job performance (rs = −.13 to –.04), turnover intentions (rs = −.05 to .00), and actual turnover (rs = −.01 to .01). In addition, Facebook ratings did not contribute to the prediction of these criteria beyond more traditional predictors, including cognitive ability, self-efficacy, and personality. Furthermore, there was evidence of subgroup difference in Facebook ratings that tended to favor female and White applicants. The overall results suggest that organizations should be very cautious about using social media information such as Facebook to assess job applicants.
To better understand how neurodiversity (i.e., neurobiological/brain-related differences) is related to entrepreneurial cognition, this study draws on prior research from entrepreneurship and ...neuroscience to empirically examine the relationship between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and the entrepreneurial mindset. We examine differences between entrepreneurs with and without ADHD in cognitive style, entrepreneurial alertness, metacognition, and resource-induced coping heuristic (RICH). Our results suggest neurodiversity from ADHD is meaningfully related to aspects of an entrepreneurial mindset. Our results suggest entrepreneurs with ADHD employ a more intuitive cognitive style and demonstrate higher levels of entrepreneurial alertness and RICH, while no significant differences in metacognition were found.
PurposeThis study investigates how attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in entrepreneurs functions through coping schema to affect entrepreneurship-related cognitions. It is proposed that ...the resource-induced coping heuristic (RICH) bridges the conceptual gap between pathological cognitive executive control/reward attributes and cognitive resources, specifically entrepreneurial alertness, cognitive adaptability and entrepreneurial intent.Design/methodology/approachWith data from 581 entrepreneurs, this study utilizes partial least squares structural equation modeling for analysis. Additionally, a two-stage hierarchical component modeling approach was used to estimate latent variable scores for higher-order constructs.FindingsFindings indicate the RICH mediates the relationships ADHD has with alertness, cognitive adaptability and entrepreneurial intent.Originality/valueThe RICH is introduced as a mechanism to explain how ADHD indirectly influences entrepreneurial alertness, cognitive adaptability and entrepreneurial intent.
•Entrepreneurship is found to be a context conducive to job satisfaction and financial well-being.•The RICH is a powerful tool for understanding thriving in contexts of uncertainty.•Entrepreneurial ...well-being environments are conditional on the interplay of SDT-related factors of security, autonomy, and competency.•The RICH buffered negative effects of low autonomy and job security on job satisfaction and financial well-being.•The RICH is shown to be a robust moderator of entrepreneurship outcomes.
Entrepreneurs enjoy high well-being, yet they report factors that typically reduce well-being. We examined well-being of early-stage entrepreneurs across two studies. Using self-determination theory (SDT), we theorize that entrepreneurs’ autonomy, job security, and resource-induced coping heuristic (RICH) have direct and interacting effects that shape their environment toward enhancing well-being. Results largely support our hypotheses. Interaction effects highlight that entrepreneurial well-being environments are conditional on the interplay of SDT-related factors. Three-way interactions showed the RICH buffered negative effects of low autonomy and job security on job satisfaction and financial well-being.
PurposeThe authors probe the relationships between country institutional support for entrepreneurship and new venture survival. Specifically, the authors unpack the nuanced influences of ...entrepreneurs' perceived environmental uncertainty and their subsequent entrepreneurial behavioral profiles and how this particularly bolsters venture survival in contexts with underdeveloped institutions for entrepreneurship.Design/methodology/approachColeman (1990) ‘bathtub’ framework is applied to develop a model and propositions surrounding how and when emerging market entrepreneur's perceptions of their countries institutional support toward entrepreneurship can ultimately enhance new venture survival.FindingsEntrepreneurs' interpretations of regulatory, cognitive and normative institutional support for private enterprise helps them embrace uncertainties more accurately reflective of “on the ground” realities and stimulates constructive entrepreneurial behaviors. These are critical for increasing survival prospects in characteristically turbulent, emerging market contexts that typically lack reliable formal resources for cultivating nascent ventures.Practical implicationsThis paper has implications for international policymakers seeking to stimulate and sustain entrepreneurial ventures in emerging markets. The authors shed light on the practical importance of understanding the social realities and interpretations of entrepreneurs in a given country relating to their actual perceptions of support for venturing—cautioning a tendency for outsiders to over-rely on aggregated econometric indices and various national ‘doing business' rankings.Originality/valueThis study is the first to create a conceptual framework on the mechanisms of how entrepreneurs in emerging economies affect new venture survival. Drawing on Coleman's bathtub (1990), the authors develop propositional arguments for a multilevel sequential framework that considers how developing economies' country institutional profiles (CIP) influence entrepreneurs' perceptions of environmental uncertainty. Subsequently, this cultivates associated entrepreneurial behavior profiles, which ultimately enhance (inhibit) venture survival rates. Further, the authors discuss the boundary conditions of this regarding how the national culture serves to moderate each of these key relationships in both positive and negative ways.
Many organizational representatives review social media (SM) information (e.g., Facebook, Twitter) when recruiting and assessing job applicants. Despite this, very little empirical data exist ...concerning the SM information available to organizations or whether assessments of such information are a valid predictor of work outcomes. This multistudy investigation examines several critical issues in this emerging area. In Study 1, we conducted a content analysis of job seekers' Facebook sites (n = 266) and found that these sites often provide demographic variables that U.S. employment laws typically prohibit organizations from using when making personnel decisions (e.g., age, ethnicity, and religion), as well as other personal information that is not work-related (e.g., sexual orientation, marital status). In Study 2 (n = 140), we examined whether job seekers' SM information is related to recruiter evaluations. Results revealed that various types of SM information correlated with recruiter judgments of hireability, including demographic variables (e.g., gender, marital status), variables organizations routinely assess (e.g., education, training, and skills), and variables that may be a concern to organizations (e.g., profanity, sexual behavior). In Study 3 (n = 81), we examined whether structuring SM assessments (e.g., via rater training) affects criterion-related validity. Results showed that structuring SM assessments did not appear to improve the prediction of future job performance or withdrawal intentions. Overall, the present findings suggest that organizations should be cautious about assessing SM information during the staffing process.
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•2-wave data collected from 266 entrepreneurs in Ghana.•Entrepreneurial alertness affects opportunity recognition in emerging economies.•Institutional voids moderate entrepreneurial alertness – ...opportunity recognition.•Gender affects institutional void interaction between alertness – recognition.•Disparity exists for women entrepreneurs in an institutional void context.
This study focuses on the impact of entrepreneurial alertness on opportunity recognition and the disparity between males and females in the context of institutional voids. Our research integrates institutional theory and entrepreneurial alertness literature to argue that institutional voids help facilitate the entrepreneurial alertness-opportunity recognition relationship – but this relationship is different for men and women. The theoretically-derived model was investigated with survey data from 266 entrepreneurs in Ghana. We found entrepreneurial alertness positively relates to opportunity recognition and this relationship is moderated by institutional voids. Also, we found that this moderated relationship is further moderated by gender such that the relationship signifies an exclusionary context for female entrepreneurs. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
A common belief among researchers is that vocational interests have limited value for personnel selection. However, no comprehensive quantitative summaries of interests validity research have been ...conducted to substantiate claims for or against the use of interests. To help address this gap, we conducted a meta-analysis of relations between interests and employee performance and turnover using data from 74 studies and 141 independent samples. Overall validity estimates (corrected for measurement error in the criterion but not for range restriction) for single interest scales were .14 for job performance, .26 for training performance, -.19 for turnover intentions, and -.15 for actual turnover. Several factors appeared to moderate interest-criterion relations. For example, validity estimates were larger when interests were theoretically relevant to the work performed in the target job. The type of interest scale also moderated validity, such that corrected validities were larger for scales designed to assess interests relevant to a particular job or vocation (e.g., .23 for job performance) than for scales designed to assess a single, job-relevant realistic, investigative, artistic, social, enterprising, or conventional (i.e., RIASEC) interest (.10) or a basic interest (.11). Finally, validity estimates were largest when studies used multiple interests for prediction, either by using a single job or vocation focused scale (which tend to tap multiple interests) or by using a regression-weighted composite of several RIASEC or basic interest scales. Overall, the results suggest that vocational interests may hold more promise for predicting employee performance and turnover than researchers may have thought.
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