Physical exercise (PE) improves physical performance, mental status, general health, and well-being. It does so by affecting many mechanisms at the cellular and molecular level. PE is beneficial for ...people suffering from neuro-degenerative diseases because it improves the production of neurotrophic factors, neurotransmitters, and hormones. PE promotes neuronal survival and neuroplasticity and also optimizes neuroendocrine and physiological responses to psychosocial and physical stress. PE sensitizes the parasympathetic nervous system (
), Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) and central nervous system (CNS) by promoting many processes such as synaptic plasticity, neurogenesis, angiogenesis, and autophagy. Overall, it carries out many protective and preventive activities such as improvements in memory, cognition, sleep and mood; growth of new blood vessels in nervous system; and the reduction of stress, anxiety, neuro-inflammation, and insulin resistance. In the present work, the protective effects of PE were overviewed. Suitable examples from the current research work in this context are also given in the article.
We develop a nonperturbative method through the Hartree factorization to examine the quantum fluctuation effects on the single-field inflationary models in a spatially flat FRW cosmological ...space-time. Apart from the background field equation as well as the Friedmann equation with the corrections of quantum field fluctuations, the modified Mukhanov-Sasaki equations for the mode functions of the quantum scalar field are also derived by introducing the nonzero ΔB term. We consider the Universe undergoing the slow roll (SR)-ultra slow roll (USR) -slow roll (SR) inflation where in particular the presence of the USR inflation triggers the huge growth of ΔB that in turn gives the boost effects to the curvature perturbations for the modes that leave horizon in the early times of the inflation. However, the cosmic friction term in the mode equation given by the Hubble parameter presumably prohibits the boost effects. Here we propose two representative models to illustrate these two competing terms.
Exercise training is often considered the cornerstone of nonpharmacological therapy for postmenopausal hypertension while aerobic exercise is the mainstay of life style modification for ...antihypertension. Moderate-intensity aerobic exercise is well tolerated on most days of the week by most people with postmenopausal hypertension and is not suspected to detract from exercise adherence. That being said, moderate aerobic exercise may be superior for eliciting cardiovascular benefits in hypertensive postmenopausal women and resistance exercise may offer desirable benefits. The beneficial outcomes of exercise training for hypertensive postmenopausal women include improvements in blood pressure, autonomic tone, baroreflex sensitivity, oxidative stress, nitric oxide (NO), bioavailability, and lipid profiles, as well as cardiovascular function and cardiorespiratory fitness. This partly explains the fact that exercise training programs have a positive effect for cardiovascular disease in hypertensive postmenopausal women. This review is to collect and present the literature of exercise training in postmenopausal hypertension. Our review may provide the current understanding of beneficial effects and mechanisms of exercise intervention for prevention and treatment of stage 1 to 2 hypertensive postmenopausal women.
The purpose was to explore the exercise behavior of the Taiwanese population during leisure time and to examine the gender differences in related influential factors.
The Leisure Time and Sport ...Questionnaire (LTSQ) conducted by the Academia Sinica in 2007 was used for analysis. Participants were drawn from the Taiwanese population aged over 18 years old. Multinomial logistic regression models were used to test the association between the frequency of exercise and related factors in all the participants, male, and female participants, respectively.
In the total 2,147 participants, 47.8% reported they regularly exercised, 34.1% irregularly exercised, and 18.1% never exercised. There were no significant gender differences in the frequency of exercise, but a significant gender difference was found in the types of exercise most often practiced. Participants in one of following conditions, over 65 and under 40 years old, living in the city, having higher education levels, having a spouse or partner, enjoying exercise, feeling worthwhile to spend money on exercise, and not having to take care of others, were more likely to be engaged in regular exercise in the total population. The "enjoyment" in exercise was a significant influential factor for both sexes. Women were more likely to exercise regularly if they were aged 40-64 years old compared with those over 65 years old, have lower self-rated health scores, felt it was more worthwhile to spend money on exercise and did not have to care for another, whereas men who have higher education level and did not feel a lack of time were more likely to exercise regularly.
There are gender differences in regular exercise behavior during leisure time and related influential factors among Taiwanese adults. The findings of the present study can be used when designing gender-specific health promotion programs.
Physical therapy (PT) is beneficial for critically ill patients, but the extent of its application in the intensive care unit (ICU) differs between countries. Here, we compared the extent of PT ...intervention in the ICU in Japan, the Philippines, and Taiwan by evaluating the sociodemographic and ICU-related profiles of ICU physical therapists. In this cross-sectional study, a semistructured nationwide online survey was distributed to ICU physical therapists in the three countries. We analyzed the responses of 164 physical therapists from Japan, Philippines, and Taiwan. Significant differences were observed between the countries in all sociodemographic variables and the following ICU-related profiles of physical therapists: ICU work experience, duration of the ICU posting, number of hours per day spent in the ICU, on-call ICU PT service engagement, source of ICU patient referral, therapist-patient ratio, and ICU-related PT training participation (p < 0.05). Medical, surgical, and neurologic ICUs were the most common ICU workplaces of the ICU physical therapists, but only surgical and neurologic ICUs exhibited significant differences between the countries (p < 0.05). Standard PT techniques in the ICU were passive and active-assisted range of motion, positioning, and breathing exercises but were implemented with significantly different frequencies between the countries (p < 0.05). The most common challenge faced in ICU PT service delivery by respondents from all three countries was lack of training prior to ICU duty, and lack of training was even bigger challenge in Japan than in other two countries after adjustment of age, highest educational attainment, and work experience. The differences in the health-care system between Japan, the Philippines, and Taiwan were related to differences in the compliance with internationally recommended PT practice standards in the ICU, differences in the type of PT intervention prioritized, and the challenges encountered in ICU PT service delivery.
A
bstract
Motivated by the wide range of applicability of the fluctuation and dissipation phenomena in non-equilibrium systems, we provide a universal study scheme for the dissipation of the energy ...and the corresponding Brownian motion analysis of massive particles due to quantum and thermal fluctuations in a wide class of strongly coupled quantum field theories. The underlying reason for the existence of such unified study scheme, is that our analytic methods turn out to heavily depend on the order of the Bessel functions ν, describing the string fluctuations attached to the particle. Different values of the order are associated to different theories.
The two-point function of the fluctuations exhibits two different late time behaviors, depending purely on the value of the order of Bessel functions. We then find that the coefficients and observables associated with the stochastic motion at zero and finite temperature, depend on the scales of the theory through powers of the order
ν
. Moreover, the fluctuation-dissipation theorem is verified from the bulk perspective to be universally satisfied for the whole class of theories. Finally, we show that the analysis of certain types of Dp-brane fluctuations can be mapped one-to-one to the string fluctuations and therefore the stochastic brane observables can be read from the string ones. In the closing remarks we demonstrate how our analysis accommodates known results as special cases and provide more applications.
A
bstract
The evolution of the Von Neumann entanglement entropy of a
n
-dimensional mirror influenced by the strongly coupled
d
-dimensional quantum critical fields with a dynamic exponent
z
is ...studied by the holographic approach. The dual description is a
n
+1-dimensional probe brane moving in the
d
+1-dimensional asymptotic Lifshitz geometry ended at
r
=
r
b
, which plays a role as the UV energy cutoff. Using the holographic influence functional method, we find that in the linear response region, by introducing a harmonic trap for the mirror, which serves as a IR energy cutoff, the Von Neumann entropy at late times will saturate by a power-law in time for generic values of
z
and
n
. The saturated value and the relaxation rate depend on the parameter α ≡ 1+(
n
+2)
/z
, which is restricted to 1
< α <
3 but
α
= 2. We find that the saturated values of the entropy are qualitatively different for the theories with 1
< α <
2 and 2
< α <
3. Additionally, the power law relaxation follows the rate ∝
t
−2
α
−1
. This probe brane approach provides an alternative way to study the time evolution of the entanglement entropy in the linear response region that shows the similar power-law relaxation behavior as in the studies of entanglement entropies based on Ryu-Takayanagi conjecture. We also compare our results with quantum Brownian motion in a bath of relativistic free fields.
Aim. This systematic review aimed to investigate the effect of different breathing exercises on respiratory muscle function, 6-minute walk test (6MWT), and quality of life (QoL) in patients with ...chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Methods. We searched online databases including PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Ovid for randomized controlled trials that assessed the efficacy of breathing exercises on patients with COPD. Patient outcome parameters included changes in respiratory muscle function, 6MWT, and QoL. The Cochrane Collaboration tool was used to assess the risk of bias for each included study. Subgroup analyses concerning different interventions and outcome measurements were conducted as necessary. PROSPERO registration number is CRD42018118367. Results. A total of 17 studies were included for final analysis. Meta-analysis based on the relevant studies showed that breathing exercises had a significant total effect on pulmonary function PImax (mean difference (MD) = 8.65, 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.13–14.16, P=0.002), as well as 6MWT (MD = 27.70, 95% CI 5.45–49.94, P=0.01) in patients with COPD. Conclusions. This systematic review summarized the use of breathing exercises for treating patients with COPD. Breathing exercises were found to be an effective tool for treating patients with COPD by improving inspiratory muscle strength and 6MWT. However, breathing exercises showed no significant improvements on the QoL of patients with COPD.
A
bstract
We employ the holographic approach to study the thermalization in the quenched strongly-coupled field theories with very general anisotropic scalings including Lifshitz and hyperscaling ...violating fixed points. The holographic dual is a Vaidya-like time-dependent geometry where the asymptotic metric has general anisotropic scaling isometries. We find the Ryu-Takanayagi extremal surface and use it to calculate the time-dependent entanglement entropy between a strip region with width 2
R
and its outside region. In the special case with an isotropic metric, we also explore the entanglement entropy for a spherical region of radius
R
. The growth of the entanglement entropy characterizes the thermalization rate after a quench. We study the thermalization process in the early times and late times in both large
R
and small
R
limits. The allowed scaling parameter regions are constrained by the null energy conditions as well as the condition for the existence of the Ryu-Takanayagi extremal surfaces. This generalizes the previous works on this subject. All obtained results can be compared with experiments and other methods of probing thermalization.
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