Pyrrolo2,1-
a
isoquinolines occur frequently in a large number of bioactive natural products and pharmaceutically important molecules. The synthesis of pyrrolo2,1-
a
isoquinoline derivatives is an ...easy and useful way to produce artificial molecules with potential applications. A huge number of excellent methodologies for constructing pyrrolo2,1-
a
isoquinolines have been reported in the last decade. This review summarizes the recent advances in this research field covering from 2011 to 2021.
This review summarizes the recent advances in the research field of pyrrolo2,1-
a
isoquinolines synthesis covering from 2011 to 2021.
Regulations currently in force enable to claim that the lead content in perovskite solar cells is low enough to be safe, or no more dangerous, than other electronics also containing lead. However, ...the actual environmental impact of lead from perovskite is unknown. Here we show that the lead from perovskite leaking into the ground can enter plants, and consequently the food cycle, ten times more effectively than other lead contaminants already present as the result of the human activities. We further demonstrate that replacing lead with tin represents an environmentally-safer option. Our data suggest that we need to treat the lead from perovskite with exceptional care. In particular, we point out that the safety level for lead content in perovskite-based needs to be lower than other lead-containing electronics. We encourage replacing lead completely with more inert metals to deliver safe perovskite technologies.
Besides serving as a low-toxicity, inexpensive and easily accessible solvent, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) has also been extensively used as a versatile reagent for the synthesis of functionalized ...molecules. Dimethyl sulfoxide can not only be utilized as a carbon source, a sulfur source and an oxygen source, but also be employed as a crucial oxidant enabling various transformations. The past decade has witnessed a large number of impressive achievements on the direct synthesis of heterocycles as well as modifications of heterocyclic compounds by applying DMSO as a reagent. This review summarized the DMSO-based direct heterocycle constructions from 2012 to 2022.
A mild bromination of pyrrolo2,1-aisoquinolines has been achieved using acetyl bromide and dimethyl sulfoxide. A series of brominated pyrrolo2,1-aisoquinolines could be obtained in moderate to ...excellent yields (46–99%) at room temperature. This strategy can also be expanded to the facile bromination of polysubstituted pyrroles, indoles, electron-rich phenols, aniline, and 2-naphthol.
Considering the wide occurrence and extensive application of organic chlorides in many research fields, the development of easy, practical and green chlorination methodologies is much needed. In the ...oxidative chlorination strategy, active chlorinating species can be
in situ
formed by the interaction of easily accessible chlorides such as NaCl, HCl, KCl, CHCl
3
,
etc.
and suitable oxidants. Among the established chlorination approaches, this strategy is an attractive one as it features the use of readily available, cheap and safe inorganic or organic chlorides, good atom economy of chlorine, and multiple choices of oxidants. This review summarizes the representative methodologies in the field of oxidative chlorination, covering 2013 to 2023.
This review summarizes the representative methodologies in the field of oxidative chlorination, covering 2013 to 2023.
Summary
Perturbation of the cellular redox state by stress conditions is sensed by redox‐sensitive proteins so that the cell can physiologically respond to stressors. However, the mechanisms linking ...sensing to response remain poorly understood in plants. Here we report that the transcription factor bZIP68 underwent in vivo oxidation in Arabidopsis cells under oxidative stress which is dependent on its redox‐sensitive Cys320 residue. bZIP68 is primarily localized to the nucleus under normal growth conditions in Arabidopsis seedlings. Oxidative stress reduces its accumulation in the nucleus and increases its cytosolic localization. Chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by sequencing (ChIP‐seq) revealed that bZIP68 primarily binds to promoter regions containing the core G‐box (CACGTG) or G‐box‐like motif of the genes involved in abiotic and biotic stress responses, photosynthesis, biosynthetic processes, and transcriptional regulation. The bzip68 mutant displayed slower growth under normal conditions but enhanced tolerance to oxidative stress. The results from the ChIP‐seq and phenotypic and transcriptome comparison between the bzip68 mutant and wildtype indicate that bZIP68 normally suppresses expression of stress tolerance genes and promotes expression of growth‐related genes, whereas its inactivation enhances stress tolerance but suppresses growth. bZIP68 might balance stress tolerance with growth through the extent of its oxidative inactivation according to the environment.
Significance Statement
In response to oxidative stress, the Arabidopsis bZIP68 transcription factor undergoes reversible oxidation and its inactivation enhances expression of stress response genes. bZIP68 might play a role in sensing oxidative stress to balance stress tolerance with growth through its redox switch.
We have developed a straightforward FeCl3 promoted synthesis of dihydropyrrolo2,1‐aisoquinolines through formal (3+2) cycloaddition/oxidative aromatization cascade of dihydroisoquinoline with ...Morita‐Baylis‐Hillman carbonates (up to 96% yield). Further modifications of the obtained products were successful through simple chemical transformations providing a diverse range of natural product‐like molecules (12 examples).
Summary
Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 and its derivatives cause disease in tomato, Arabidopsis and Nicotiana benthamiana. The primary virulence factors include a repertoire of 29 effector ...proteins injected into plant cells by the type III secretion system and the phytotoxin coronatine. The complete repertoire of effector genes and key coronatine biosynthesis genes have been progressively deleted and minimally reassembled to reconstitute basic pathogenic ability in N. benthamiana, and in Arabidopsis plants that have mutations in target genes that mimic effector actions. This approach and molecular studies of effector activities and plant immune system targets have highlighted a small subset of effectors that contribute to essential processes in pathogenesis. Most notably, HopM1 and AvrE1 redundantly promote an aqueous apoplastic environment, and AvrPtoB and AvrPto redundantly block early immune responses, two conditions that are sufficient for substantial bacterial growth in planta. In addition, disarmed DC3000 polymutants have been used to identify the individual effectors responsible for specific activities of the complete repertoire and to more effectively study effector domains, effector interplay and effector actions on host targets. Such work has revealed that AvrPtoB suppresses cell death elicitation in N. benthamiana that is triggered by another effector in the DC3000 repertoire, highlighting an important aspect of effector interplay in native repertoires. Disarmed DC3000 polymutants support the natural delivery of test effectors and infection readouts that more accurately reveal effector functions in key pathogenesis processes, and enable the identification of effectors with similar activities from a broad range of other pathogens that also defeat plants with cytoplasmic effectors.
Summary
Ligand‐receptor pairs play important roles in cell–cell communication for multicellular organisms in response to environmental cues. Recently, the emergence of single‐cell RNA‐sequencing ...(scRNA‐seq) provides unprecedented opportunities to investigate cellular communication based on ligand‐receptor expression. However, so far, no reliable ligand‐receptor interaction database is available for plant species. In this study, we developed PlantPhoneDB (https://jasonxu.shinyapps.io/PlantPhoneDB/), a pan‐plant database comprising a large number of high‐confidence ligand‐receptor pairs manually curated from seven resources. Also, we developed a PlantPhoneDB R package, which not only provided optional four scoring approaches that calculate interaction scores of ligand‐receptor pairs between cell types but also provided visualization functions to present analysis results. At the PlantPhoneDB web interface, the processed datasets and results can be searched, browsed, and downloaded. To uncover novel cell–cell communication events in plants, we applied the PlantPhoneDB R package on GSE121619 dataset to infer significant cell–cell interactions of heat‐shocked root cells in Arabidopsis thaliana. As a result, the PlantPhoneDB predicted the actively communicating AT1G28290‐AT2G14890 ligand‐receptor pair in atrichoblast–cortex cell pair in Arabidopsis thaliana. Importantly, the downstream target genes of this ligand‐receptor pair were significantly enriched in the ribosome pathway, which facilitated plants adapting to environmental changes. In conclusion, PlantPhoneDB provided researchers with integrated resources to infer cell–cell communication from scRNA‐seq datasets.
A mild catalytic modification of dihydropyrrolo2,1-aisoquinolines with various phenols via the formation of heteroarene cation radicals as key intermediates has been developed. A range of direct ...cross-coupling products could be obtained in acceptable to excellent yields (up to 98%) in the presence of FeCl2.
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