Abstract
Hi-GAL (Herschel InfraRed Galactic Plane Survey) is a large-scale survey of the Galactic plane, performed with Herschel
in five infrared continuum bands between 70 and 500 μm. We present a ...band-merged catalogue of spatially matched sources and their properties derived from fits to the spectral energy distributions (SEDs) and heliocentric distances, based on the photometric catalogues presented in Molinari et al., covering the portion of Galactic plane −71
$_{.}^{\circ}$
0 < ℓ < 67
$_{.}^{\circ}$
0. The band-merged catalogue contains 100 922 sources with a regular SED, 24 584 of which show a 70-μm counterpart and are thus considered protostellar, while the remainder are considered starless. Thanks to this huge number of sources, we are able to carry out a preliminary analysis of early stages of star formation, identifying the conditions that characterize different evolutionary phases on a statistically significant basis. We calculate surface densities to investigate the gravitational stability of clumps and their potential to form massive stars. We also explore evolutionary status metrics such as the dust temperature, luminosity and bolometric temperature, finding that these are higher in protostellar sources compared to pre-stellar ones. The surface density of sources follows an increasing trend as they evolve from pre-stellar to protostellar, but then it is found to decrease again in the majority of the most evolved clumps. Finally, we study the physical parameters of sources with respect to Galactic longitude and the association with spiral arms, finding only minor or no differences between the average evolutionary status of sources in the fourth and first Galactic quadrants, or between ‘on-arm’ and ‘interarm’ positions.
Energy management systems (EMS) are mainly price driven with minimal consumer interaction. To improve the effectiveness of EMS in the context of demand response, an alternative EMS control framework ...driven by resident behavior patterns is developed. Using hidden Markov modeling techniques, the EMS detects consumer behavior from real-time aggregate consumption and a pre-built dictionary of reference models. These models capture variations in consumer habits as a function of daily living activity sequence. Following a training period, the system identifies the best fit model which is used to estimate the current state of the resident. When a request to activate a time-shiftable appliance is made, the control agent compares grid signals, user convenience constraints, and the current consumer state estimate to predict the likelihood that the future aggregate load exceeds a consumption threshold during the operating cycle of the requested device. Based on the outcome, the control agent initiates or defers the activation request. Using three consumer reference models, a case study assessing EMS performance with respect to model detection, state estimation, and control as a function of consumer comfort and grid-informed consumption constraints is presented. A tradeoff analysis between comfort, consumption threshold, and appliance activation delay is demonstrated.
Summary
Glycoside hydrolase 12 (GH12) proteins act as virulence factors and pathogen‐associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) in oomycetes. However, the pathogenic mechanisms of fungal GH12 proteins ...have not been characterized. In this study, we demonstrated that two of the six GH12 proteins produced by the fungus Verticillium dahliae Vd991, VdEG1 and VdEG3 acted as PAMPs to trigger cell death and PAMP‐triggered immunity (PTI) independent of their enzymatic activity in Nicotiana benthamiana. A 63‐amino‐acid peptide of VdEG3 was sufficient for cell death‐inducing activity, but this was not the case for the corresponding peptide of VdEG1. Further study indicated that VdEG1 and VdEG3 trigger PTI in different ways: BAK1 is required for VdEG1‐ and VdEG3‐triggered immunity, while SOBIR1 is specifically required for VdEG1‐triggered immunity in N. benthamiana. Unlike oomycetes, which employ RXLR effectors to suppress host immunity, a carbohydrate‐binding module family 1 (CBM1) protein domain suppressed GH12 protein‐induced cell death. Furthermore, during infection of N. benthamiana and cotton, VdEG1 and VdEG3 acted as PAMPs and virulence factors, respectively indicative of host‐dependent molecular functions. These results suggest that VdEG1 and VdEG3 associate differently with BAK1 and SOBIR1 receptor‐like kinases to trigger immunity in N. benthamiana, and together with CBM1‐containing proteins manipulate plant immunity.
Abstract
A steady-state, semi-analytical model of energetic particle acceleration in radio-jet shear flows due to cosmic-ray viscosity obtained by Webb et al. is generalized to take into account more ...general cosmic-ray boundary spectra. This involves solving a mixed Dirichlet–Von Neumann boundary value problem at the edge of the jet. The energetic particle distribution function
f
0
(
r
,
p
) at cylindrical radius
r
from the jet axis (assumed to lie along the
z
-axis) is given by convolving the particle momentum spectrum
f
0
(
∞
,
p
′
)
with the Green’s function
G
(
r
,
p
;
p
′
)
, which describes the monoenergetic spectrum solution in which
f
0
→
δ
(
p
−
p
′
)
as
r
→ ∞ . Previous work by Webb et al. studied only the Green’s function solution for
G
(
r
,
p
;
p
′
)
. In this paper, we explore for the first time, solutions for more general and realistic forms for
f
0
(
∞
,
p
′
)
. The flow velocity
u
=
u
(
r
)
e
z
is along the axis of the jet (the
z
-axis).
u
is independent of
z
, and
u
(
r
) is a monotonic decreasing function of
r
. The scattering time
τ
(
r
,
p
)
=
τ
0
(
p
/
p
0
)
α
in the shear flow region 0 <
r
<
r
2
, and
τ
(
r
,
p
)
=
τ
0
(
p
/
p
0
)
α
(
r
/
r
2
)
s
, where
s
> 0 in the region
r
>
r
2
is outside the jet. Other original aspects of the analysis are (i) the use of cosmic ray flow lines in (
r
,
p
) space to clarify the particle spatial transport and momentum changes and (ii) the determination of the probability distribution
ψ
p
(
r
,
p
;
p
′
)
that particles observed at (
r
,
p
) originated from
r
→ ∞ with momentum
p
′
. The acceleration of ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays in active galactic nuclei jet sources is discussed. Leaky box models for electron acceleration are described.
•The effect of an internal hole on the strength and fracture behavior of rock has been studied.•The crack initiation and fracture process of marble have been identified by DIC technique.•The fracture ...process of marble is a progressive development of high strain localization zones.•A quantitative analysis on the strain evolution is carried out along the tensile crack paths.
To investigate the effects of pre-fabricated holes with different geometries, including size, shape and inclination angle, on the strength and fracture behavior of rock materials, a series of uniaxial compressive tests were conducted on prismatic marble specimens containing a circular or an elliptical hole using a servo-hydraulic machine synchronized with a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera. Digital image correlation (DIC) was applied to record and analyze the deformation and fracturing process of marble. Experimental results combined with theoretical analysis indicate that the geometries of the internal hole are important factors affecting the strength of marble and also the boundary tangential stress distribution. The specimen with a higher tangential compressive stress concentration coefficient will have a lower UCS values. Observations show that the evolution of deformation and fracturing process of marble specimens can be visually displayed by the apparent displacement and strain fields. The propagation of cracks is a progressive development of high major principal strain zones, and the process of damage accumulation, crack initiation and propagation of rock at different stress stages can be well reflected by DIC. When the stress increases to 78.2% of peak value, critical cracks initiate in the tensile stress concentration zones. The progressive process of “open-close-reopen” of tensile cracks was quantitatively studied by the tensile strain of the specimens. It was found that the propagation of tensile cracks surrounding the hole in marble specimens was mainly affected by the nucleation and propagation of strain localization zones.
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most prevalent internal modification of messenger RNA (mRNA) in higher eukaryotes. Here we report ALKBH5 as another mammalian demethylase that oxidatively reverses m6A ...in mRNA in vitro and in vivo. This demethylation activity of ALKBH5 significantly affects mRNA export and RNA metabolism as well as the assembly of mRNA processing factors in nuclear speckles. Alkbh5-deficient male mice have increased m6A in mRNA and are characterized by impaired fertility resulting from apoptosis that affects meiotic metaphase-stage spermatocytes. In accordance with this defect, we have identified in mouse testes 1,551 differentially expressed genes that cover broad functional categories and include spermatogenesis-related mRNAs involved in the p53 functional interaction network. The discovery of this RNA demethylase strongly suggests that the reversible m6A modification has fundamental and broad functions in mammalian cells.
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► ALKBH5 is a mammalian m6A RNA demethylase ► RNA demethylation affects mRNA export and RNA metabolism ► RNA demethylation is important for mouse fertility ► Reversible mammalian messenger RNA methylation affects gene expression
Colon carcinogenesis is a multiple-step process involving the accumulation of a series of genetic and epigenetic alterations. The most commonly initiating event of intestinal carcinogenesis is ...mutation of the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene, which leads to activation of the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway. Olfactomedin 4 (OLFM4) has emerged as an intestinal stem-cell marker, but its biological function in the intestine remains to be determined. Here we show that Olfm4 deletion induced colon adenocarcinoma in the distal colon of Apcsup.Min/+ mice. Mechanistically, we found that OLFM4 is a target gene of the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway and can downregulate beta-catenin signaling by competing with Wnt ligands for binding to Frizzled receptors, as well as by inhibition of the Akt-GSK-3beta (Akt-glycogen synthase kinase-3beta) pathway. We have shown that both Wnt and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) signaling were boosted in tumor tissues of Apc Olfm4 double-mutant mice. These data establish OLFM4 as a critical negative regulator of the Wnt/beta-catenin and NF-kappaB pathways that inhibits colon-cancer development initiated by APC mutation. In addition, Olfm4 deletion significantly enhanced intestinal-crypt proliferation and inflammation induced by azoxymethane/dextran sodium sulfate. Thus, OLFM4 has an important role in the regulation of intestinal inflammation and tumorigenesis, and could be a potential therapeutic target for intestinal malignant tumors. Unlike the human colonic epithelium, the mouse colonic epithelium does not express OLFM4, but nevertheless, systemic OLFM4 deletion promotes colon tumorigenesis and that loss from mucosal neutrophils may have a role to play. Oncogene (2016) 35, 5237-5247; doi: 10.1038/onc.2016.58; published online 14 March 2016
Understanding how flowering phenology responds to warming and cooling (i.e., symmetric or asymmetric response) is needed to predict the response of flowering phenology to future climate change that ...will happen with the occurrence of warm and cold years superimposed upon a long-term trend. A three-year reciprocal translocation experiment was performed along an elevation gradient from 3200 m to 3800 m in the Tibetan Plateau for six alpine plants. Transplanting to lower elevation (warming) advanced the first flowering date (FFD) and transplanting to higher elevation (cooling) had the opposite effect. The FFD of early spring flowering plants (ESF) was four times less sensitive to warming than to cooling (by −2.1 d/°C and 8.4 d/°C, respectively), while midsummer flowering plants (MSF) were about twice as sensitive to warming than to cooling (−8.0 d/°C and 4.9 d/°C, respectively). Compared with pooled warming and cooling data, warming alone significantly underpredicted 3.1 d/°C for ESF and overestimated 1.7 d/°C for MSF. These results suggest that future empirical and experimental studies should consider nonlinear temperature responses that can cause such warming-cooling asymmetries as well as differing life strategies (ESF vs. MSF) among plant species.
The effect of scanning strategy, i.e. bidirectional scanning without (SS-X) and with a 90°-rotation (SS-XY) for every layer, on mechanical properties of Inconel 718 fabricated by selective laser ...melting (SLM) was investigated. The results show that tensile strength and fatigue strength of SS-X specimens are superior to that of the SS-XY ones. Such excellent mechanical properties of the SS-X specimens at room temperature were found to mainly result from the processing-induced fine grain structures compared with void size, crystalline orientation or dendrite structure.
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