ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) is a key rate-limiting enzyme involved in starch synthesis. APL1, an AGPase large subunit, plays an important role in the growth and development of grapes; ...however, its function in withstanding low temperature (LT) remains elusive. Hence,
VaAPL1
was cloned from
Vitis amurensis
(Zuoshan I), and its function was characterized. The gene was highly expressed in the phloem of
V. amurensis
during winter dormancy (0, −5, and − 10°C). Phylogenetic relationships demonstrated that VaAPL1 was closely genetic related to SlAPL1 (from
Solanum lycopersicum
), and clustered into I group. Further,
VaAPL1
was ectopically expressed in
Arabidopsis thaliana
(ecotype Columbia, Col) and tomato (“Micro-Tom” tomato) to characterize its function under LT. Compared with Col, the average survival rate of
VaAPL1
-overexpressing
A. thaliana
exceeded 75.47% after freezing treatment. Moreover, reactive oxygen species (ROS) content decreased in
VaAPL1
-overexpressing
A. thaliana
and tomato plants under LT stress. The activities of AGPase, and starch contents in
VaAPL1
-overexpressing
A. thaliana
were higher than in Col after LT stress. The contents of sucrose and glucose were accumulated in overexpressing plants compared with wild-type at 0 h and 24 h after LT stress. Transcriptome sequencing of overexpressing tomato plants revealed involvement in sugar metabolism and the hormone signal pathway, and Ca
2+
signaling pathway-related genes were up-regulated. Hence, these results suggest that overexpression of
VaAPL1
not only ensured sufficient starch converting into soluble sugars to maintain cell osmotic potential and provided energy, but also indirectly activated signal pathways involved in LT to enhance plant tolerance.
Purpose of the report To explore the value of 18 F-labeled prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA-1007) positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT), the maximum standardized uptake ...value (SUVmax) of the primary tumor, prostate PSMA-tumor volume (PSMA-TVp), and prostate total lesion PSMA (TL-PSMAp) for predicting prostate cancer (PCa) metastasis and follow-up evaluation in primary PCa lesions. Materials and methods 18 F-PSMA-1007 PET/CT data of 110 consecutive newly diagnosed PCa patients were retrospectively analyzed. Patients were divided into non-metastatic, oligometastatic, and extensive metastatic groups. The predictive power was assessed using the receiver operating characteristic curve. Multi-group one-way analysis of variance and post-hoc tests were used to compare the groups. Patients were monitored post-therapy to evaluate treatment effectiveness. Results Among the 110 patients, 66.4% (73) had metastasis (29 oligometastatic, 44 extensive metastasis). AUCs for Gleason score (GS), total prostate-specific antigen(TPSA), SUVmax, TL-PSMAp, and PSMA-TVp were 0.851, 0.916, 0.834, 0.938, and 0.923, respectively. GS, TPSA, SUVmax, TL-PSMAp, and PSMA-TVp were significantly different among the groups. In the post-hoc tests, differences in GS, TPSA, SUVmax, TL-PSMAp, and PSMA-TVp between the non-metastatic and oligometastatic groups and non-metastatic and extensive metastatic groups were significant (P<0.010). Differences in TL-PSMAp and PSMA-TVp between oligometastatic and extensive metastatic groups were significant (P=0.039 and 0.015, respectively), while those among GS, TPSA, and SUVmax were not. TL-PSMAp and PSMA-TVp distinguished between oligometastatic and extensive metastases, but GS, TPSA, and SUVmax did not. In individuals with oligometastasis, the implementation of active treatment for both primary and metastatic lesions may result in a more favorable prognosis. Conclusions 18 F-PSMA-1007 PET/CT volumetric parameters PSMA-TVp and TL-PSMAp can predict PCa oligometastasis.
Dirigent proteins (DIRs) contribute to plant fitness by dynamically reorganizing the cell wall and/or by generating defense compounds during plant growth, development, and interactions with ...environmental stresses. ZmDRR206 is a maize DIR, it plays a role in maintaining cell wall integrity during seedling growth and defense response in maize, but its role in regulating maize kernel development is unclear. Association analysis of candidate genes indicated that the natural variations of
were significantly associated with maize hundred-kernel weight (HKW).
plays a dominant role in storage nutrient accumulation in endosperm during maize kernel development,
overexpression resulted in small and shrunken maize kernel with significantly reduced starch content and significantly decreased HKW. Cytological characterization of the developing maize kernels revealed that
overexpression induced dysfunctional basal endosperm transfer layer (BETL) cells, which were shorter with less wall ingrowth, and defense response was constitutively activated in developing maize kernel at 15 and 18 DAP by
overexpression. The BETL-development-related genes and auxin signal-related genes were down-regulated, while cell wall biogenesis-related genes were up-regulated in developing BETL of the
-overexpressing kernel. Moreover, the developing
-overexpressing kernel had significantly reduced contents of the cell wall components such as cellulose and acid soluble lignin. These results suggest that ZmDRR206 may play a regulatory role in coordinating cell development, storage nutrient metabolism, and stress responses during maize kernel development through its role in cell wall biogenesis and defense response, and provides new insights into understanding the mechanisms of kernel development in maize.
Leaf movement is a manifestation of plant response to the changing internal and external environment, aiming to optimize plant growth and development. Leaf movement is usually driven by a specialized ...motor organ, the pulvinus, and this movement is associated with different changes in volume and expansion on the two sides of the pulvinus. Blue light, auxin, GA, H
-ATPase, K
, Cl
, Ca
, actin, and aquaporin collectively influence the changes in water flux in the tissue of the extensor and flexor of the pulvinus to establish a turgor pressure difference, thereby controlling leaf movement. However, how these factors regulate the multicellular motility of the pulvinus tissues in a species remains obscure. In addition, model plants such as
,
, and
have been used to study pulvinus-driven leaf movement, showing a similarity in their pulvinus movement mechanisms. In this review, we summarize past research findings from the three model plants, and using
as an example, suggest that genes regulating pulvinus movement are also involved in regulating plant growth and development. We also propose a model in which the variation of ion flux and water flux are critical steps to pulvinus movement and highlight questions for future research.
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a major foodborne pathogen and the main cause of diarrheal diseases transmitted by seafood such as fish, shrimp, and shellfish. In the current study, a novel lytic phage ...infecting V. parahaemolyticus, vB_VpaP_GHSM17, was isolated from the sewage of a seafood market, Huangsha, Guangzhou, and its morphology, biochemistry, and taxonomy features were identified. Morphological observation revealed that GHSM17 had an icosahedral head with a short, non-contractile tail. The double-stranded DNA genome of GHSM17 consisted of 43,228 bp with a GC content of 49.42%. In total, 45 putative ORFs were identified in the GHSM17 genome. Taxonomic analysis indicated GHSM17 belonging to genus Maculvirus, family Autographiviridae. In addition, GHSM17 was stable over a wide range of temperatures (20–60 °C) and pH (5–11) and was completely inactivated after 70 min of ultraviolet irradiation. The bacterial inhibition assay revealed that GHSM17 could inhibit the growth of V. parahaemolyticus within 8 h. The results support that phage GHSM17 may be a potential candidate in the biological control of V. parahaemolyticus contamination in aquaculture.
Viruses play important roles in ecosystems by interfering with the central metabolic pathways of the host during infection via the expression of auxiliary metabolic genes (AMGs), altering the ...productivity of ecosystems and thus affecting geochemical cycling. In this study, the genetic diversity of phosphorus metabolism AMGs phoH, phoU and pstS was investigated by phylogenetic analysis, PCoA analysis, and alpha diversity analysis based on metagenomic data. It was found that the majority of the sequences were unique to Napahai plateau wetland. It was shown that the genetic diversity of phoH, phoU and pstS genes was independent of both habitats and host origins. In addition, the metabolic pathway of AMGs associated with the phosphorus cycling was identified based on metagenomic data. When phosphorus is deficient, virus utilizes AMGs to affect the metabolic pathway, contributing to higher phosphorus levels in the host and facilitating virus survival, replication, and propagation in the host cell.
Sweet syndrome (SS), also known as acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis, is a rare inflammatory disorder characterized by sudden onset of variably tender brightly erythematous‐to‐violaceous papules, ...plaques, or nodules. To clarify the frequency, clinical course, therapeutic response, and outcome of Sweet syndrome with malignancy. We conducted a retrospective review of patients diagnosed with SS between 2009 and 2019 with a diagnosis of Sweet syndrome in West China hospital. Records were analyzed for variables, clinical features, etiological factors, laboratory results, and treatment outcomes. The 25 cases under study consisted of 14 (56%) females and 11 (44%) males. Mean age was 52.2 years (range: 4‐76 years). Nodules were the commonest lesion presentation (48%), involving mostly the lower limbs (52%). Pain of lesion was identified as the most common symptom (88%), followed by fever (76%) and cough (44%). Among the patients, 52% exhibited the classic form, 48% showed the malignancy‐associated form, and 4% exhibited the drug‐induced form in the setting of malignancy. Acute myeloid leukemia was the most common malignancy, observed in 5 of 12 patients (41.6%). Anemia (P = .002) was associated with malignancy (Chi‐square test).
► Combination of fucoxanthin and conjugated linoleic acid attenuates body weight gain. ► Fc and FCL+CLA could reduce serum levels of triacylglycerol, glucose and leptin. ► Effects depend on ...regulating mRNA expression of enzymes relevant to lipid metabolism.
The present study investigated the effects of combined fucoxanthin (Fc) and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on high-fat diet-induced obese rats. Thirty five rats were divided into four groups, fed a high-fat diet (Control, 15% fat, wt/wt), supplemented with low Fc (FCL, 0.083mg/kg/bw), high Fc (FCH, 0.167mg/kg/bw) and FCL (0.083mg/kg/bw) plus CLA (0.15g/kg/bw) (FCL+CLA) for 52d. Body weight and white adipose tissue (WAT) weight were significantly suppressed in FCL+CLA group than those in control group. WAT weight was also markedly attenuated in FCL and FCH groups. Accumulation of hepatic lipid droplets and the perirenal adipocyte size of FCL, FCH and FCL+CLA groups were diminished compared to control group. Serum total cholesterol level in FCH group, triacylglycerol and leptin levels in FCL, FCH and FCL+CLA groups, and glucose concentration in FCH and FCL+CLA groups were significantly decreased than those in control group. The mRNA expression of adiponectin, adipose triacylglycerol lipase, carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A was remarkably up-regulated in FCL, FCH and FCL+CLA groups. These results suggest that Fc and FCL+CLA could reduce serum levels of triacylglycerol, glucose and leptin, and FCL+CLA could exert anti-obesity effects by regulating mRNA expression of enzymes related to lipid metabolism in WAT of diet-induced obesity rats.
Amylose, a prebiotic found in yams is known to be beneficial for the gut microflora and is particularly advantageous for diabetic patients' diet. However, the genetic machinery underlying amylose ...production remains elusive. A comprehensive characterization of the genetic basis of amylose content in yam tubers is a prerequisite for accelerating the genetic engineering of yams with respect to amylose content variation. To uncover the genetic variants underlying variation in amylose content, we evaluated amylose content in freshly harvested tubers from 150 accessions of Dioscorea zingibensis. With 30,000 high-quality single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP), we performed a genome-wide association analysis (GWAS). The population structure analysis classified the D. zingiberensis accessions into three groups. A total of 115 significant loci were detected on four chromosomes. Of these, 112 significant SNPs (log10(p) = 5, q-value < 0.004) were clustered in a narrow window on the chromosome 6 (chr6). The peak SNP at the position 75,609,202 on chr6 could explain 63.15% of amylose variation in the population and fell into the first exon of the ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) small subunit gene, causing a non-synonymous modification of the resulting protein sequence. Allele segregation analysis showed that accessions with the rare G allele had a higher amylose content than those harboring the common A allele. However, AGPase, a key enzyme precursor of amylose biosynthesis, was not expressed differentially between accessions with A and G alleles. Overexpression of the two variants of AGPase in Arabidopsis thaliana resulted in a significantly higher amylose content in lines transformed with the AGPase-G allele. Overall, this study showed that a major genetic variant in AGPase probably enhances the enzyme activity leading to high amylose content in D. zingiberensis tuber. The results provide valuable insights for the development of amylose-enriched genotypes.
To provide a basis for using indigenous bacteria for bioremediation of heavy metal contaminated soil, the heavy metal resistance and plant growth-promoting activity of 136 isolates from V-Ti ...magnetite mine tailing soil were systematically analyzed. Among the 13 identified bacterial genera, the most abundant genus was Bacillus (79 isolates) out of which 32 represented B. subtilis and 14 B. pumilus, followed by Rhizobium sp. (29 isolates) and Ochrobactrum intermedium (13 isolates). Altogether 93 isolates tolerated the highest concentration (1000 mg kg(-1)) of at least one of the six tested heavy metals. Five strains were tolerant against all the tested heavy metals, 71 strains tolerated 1,000 mg kg(-1) cadmium whereas only one strain tolerated 1,000 mg kg(-1) cobalt. Altogether 67% of the bacteria produced indoleacetic acid (IAA), a plant growth-promoting phytohormone. The concentration of IAA produced by 53 isolates was higher than 20 µg ml(-1). In total 21% of the bacteria produced siderophore (5.50-167.67 µg ml(-1)) with two Bacillus sp. producing more than 100 µg ml(-1). Eighteen isolates produced both IAA and siderophore. The results suggested that the indigenous bacteria in the soil have beneficial characteristics for remediating the contaminated mine tailing soil.
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