In this thesis we examine the issue regarding pricing of radar data and surveillance to the operators of air navigation service (ANS) at the aerodromes in Sweden. The question of who should be ...responsible for providing radar data to the operators is being managed that results in if it should be LFV, as it is today, the government or another authority. This is being examined since LFV in 2010 lost its monopoly position in the terminal area in Sweden. LFV still has monopoly on the en route part, and thru the en route income finances the radar data to all operators in Sweden. Air traffic service units (ATS) receive the radar data without any compensation to LFV, this needs to be regulated and conditions and prerequisites are necessary to be implemented. Our supervisor at LFV, Anders Andersson, has been the primary source of information regarding the current situation, background for the problem and also provided relevant documents with proper information. Laws and regulations have been accessed via the Swedish Transport Agency’s website and scientific articles on monopolies and pricing in aviation and other markets have been used in order to compare earlier issues similar to ours. The literature studies combined with interviews with Anders Andersson are the foundations of the development of the pricing schemes. The result of the thesis is presented as three different pricing schemes where each one of them are presented in tables and analysed how it will affect the ATS. In the first pricing scheme the cost for maintenance is equally divided between all ATS, this means every ATS has to pay the same cost regardless size of the airport, number of movement and net sales. The second pricing scheme is based on number of landings per year and divides the ATS in three categories. This scheme increases the cost with concern to the number of landings, which results in the larger ATS are charged more than the smaller ATS. The final pricing scheme is divided in four categories and based on terminal control area (TMA) and requirements on surveillance service. This means the different categories are based on a combination of the median distance flown in TMA and the different requirements the ATS must provide surveillance service. This pricing scheme is a disadvantage for the military airports and the ATS with associated TMA. The conclusions that can be made are the Swedish Transport Agency needs to implement some distinct guidelines and regulations regarding how the pricing should be made, where the pricing schemes and analysis in this thesis could form the basis for future investigations.
Examensarbetet har genomförts i samarbete med Lasertech, Epiroc och SSAB. Syftet med arbetet var att SSAB ville pröva sitt pulver och att Epiroc ville undersöka utvecklingsmöjligheter med additiv ...tillverkning. Lasertech, som handlett arbetet för studenterna, tillhandahöll maskinen som används till 3D-utskriften och är därmed mellanhanden gällande Epiroc och SSAB i arbetet. Rapporten kommer att spegla en omkonstruktion av Epirocs komponent som produceras med konventionella tillverkningsmetoder och ska modelleras om samt optimeras för additiv tillverkning. Problemet idag är omständigheterna med borrandet av hål vid tillverkningen av komponenten. En viktminskning och eventuella andra optimeringar är önskvärda för att förbättra hela systemet och det finns potential att uppnå detta med additiv tillverkning. Resultatet av arbetet visar hur alla komponenter inte är lämpade för att omkonstrueras för additiv tillverkning utan att behöva designas om på ett större sätt, och att begränsning av modellering kan bromsa möjligheten till att uppnå fördelar. Resultaten som framkom visar på ett optimerat flöde samt en säker viktminskning på 34% med möjlighet till en viktminskning på c:a 67,2% vid implementering av gitterstruktur i prototypen. Detta är något som rekommenderas vid fortsatt arbete på resultatet framtaget i detta arbete.
The degree project has been done in collaboration with Lasertech, Epiroc and SSAB. The project started with SSAB wanting to test their powder and Epiroc wanting to investigate development opportunities with additive manufacturing. Lasertech, which supervised the project for the students, provided the machine used for the 3D printing and is thus the intermediary for Epiroc and SSAB in the work. The report will reflect a redesign of Epiroc's component that is produced using conventional manufacturing methods and will be remodeled and optimized for additive manufacturing. The problem today is the circumstances of the drilling of holes in the manufacturing process of the component. A weight loss and other optimizations are desired to improve the whole system and there is potential to achieve this with additive manufacturing. The result of the work shows that not all components are suitable for reconstruction for additive manufacturing without having to be redesigned in a larger scale, limited modeling can slow down the possibility of achieving benefits. The results obtained shows an optimized flow and a proven weight reduction of 34% with the possibility of a weight reduction of approximately 67,2% with implementation of a lattice structure in the prototype. That is something that is recommended for continued work on the results produced
A new procedure for extracting the emitter and base series resistances of bipolar junction transistors is presented. The parameters are extracted from a single measurement in the forward active ...region on one transistor test structure with two separate base contacts, making it a simple and attractive tool for bipolar transistor characterization. The procedure comprises two methods for extracting the emitter resistance and two for extracting the base resistance. The choice of method is governed by the amount of current crowding or conductivity modulation present in the intrinsic base region. The new extraction procedure was successfully applied to transistors fabricated in an in-house double polysilicon bipolar transistor process and a commercial 0.8-/spl mu/m single polysilicon BiCMOS process. We found that the simulated and measured Gummel characteristics are in excellent agreement and the extracted series resistances agree well with those obtained by means of HF measurements. By adding external resistors to the emitter and base and then extracting the series resistances, we verified that the two base contact test structure offers a simple means of separating the influence of emitter and base series resistances on the transistor characteristics.
An analytical model is presented for quasi-static capacitance of the space-charge region in a p–n junction. The model is valid for realistic junction doping profiles under any bias conditions. It ...consists of local models in three bias regions. For the high-reverse bias region, a novel analytical model is derived. For the moderate-bias region, an empirical model commonly used in SPICE is adopted. Finally, for the high-forward bias region, the junction profiles are approximated by linearly-graded junctions. Existing analytical models are then modified appropriately to characterize both high-injection and heavy-doping effects for advanced bipolar transistors. Compared to previously developed analytical models or existing empirical models, as well as numerical simulation results, the analytical model presented here shows an improved accuracy and therefore provides a better tool for both device and circuit simulations.
A lightly modified version of the basic documentation of the Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Associations was introduced in three different clinics. Relevant items were analysed for about 5300 ...patients. The data of the 3 clinics were compared. There was a fair amount of agreement in the age structure and the distribution of the diagnoses between the clinics. A regular and detailed comparative analysis of the data will be developed as a measure of quality. The results of these analyses will be discussed in the 3 clinics and implemented in the daily routines.
The total base resistance
R
B
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constitutes a crucial parameter in modeling bipolar transistors. The significant physical effects determining
R
B
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are current crowding and conductivity ...modulation in the base, both causing reduction of
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B
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with increasing base current
I
B. In this paper, it is shown that the reduction of
R
B
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(
I
B) with increasing
I
B is directly related to the physical effect dominating in the base. A new model for
R
B
Tot
(
I
B) is presented where a parameter
α is introduced to account for the contributions of current crowding and conductivity modulation in the base. Theoretically,
α is equal to 0.5 when conductivity modulation is dominant and close to 1.0 when current crowding is the most significant effect. This was verified by measurements and simulations using a distributed transistor model which accounts for the lateral distribution of the base current and the stored base charge. The model proposed for
R
B
Tot
(
I
B) is very suitable for compact transistor modeling since it is given in a closed form expression handling both current crowding and conductivity modulation in the base. An accurate extraction procedure of the model parameters is also presented.
U.U.D.M. project report Linder Martin , Uppsala universitet, Matematiska institutionen
04/2010
Web Resource
Självständigt arbete på avancerad nivå (magisterexamen)
20 poäng / 30 hp
Independent work at advanced level (master’s degree)
20 points/30 hp
Självständigt arbete på avancerad nivå (magisterexamen)
...20 poäng / 30 hp
This study evaluates the effect of dipyridamole, an inhibitor of platelet aggregation, on cerebral artery contraction induced in vitro by the addition of whole blood. Whole fresh arterial blood added ...to isolated rabbit basilar artery bathed in a physiological buffer produces a sustained contraction in vessels observed for 60 minutes. Significant dose-dependent inhibition of contraction was observed when dipyridamole was added to the vessel bath. This effect was not influenced by preincubating cerebral vessels with aspirin, an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis. It is suggested that inhibition of whole blood-induced cerebral artery contraction by dipyridamole does not result from potentiation of cerebral vessel prostaglandin pathways, but possibly from a direct effect on platelets.
Creating the optimal balance between dialogue level and ambient sound is extremely important in media productions. This process is however inherently difficult due to that people’s requirements and ...preferences are not uniform. Speech intelligibility is affected by a multitude of factors, such as hearing impairments, audio quality and listening equipment. Recent EU directives on accessibility calls for improved audio clarity features for broadcast content. To accommodate these requirements, the broadcast industry needs to develop functionality for enhanced dialogue clarity and, optimally, put listeners in control of these features. Many speech enhancement techniques exist, this paper uses Sveriges Radio as a case study to evaluate several of these methods. A study on enhancing speech intelligibility through the use of dynamic range control and blind source separation is presented and results show that both methods can have a positive impact. Dynamic range control proves efficient in increasing intelligibility by reducing dynamic variations. It is also well suited to implement in an existing two-channel infrastructure, common in the radio industry, due to being included in novel audio codecs. Blind source separation is found to best be used in moderation due to the risk of audio quality degradation, and is primarily suited for prerecorded material on account of the processing time needed.
Att skapa en optimal balans mellan dialognivå och bakgrundsljud är oerhört viktigt i medieproduktioner. Detta är dock i sig komplicerat på grund av människors olika förutsättningar och preferenser. Taluppfattbarheten påverkas av en mängd faktorer, såsom hörselnedsättningar, ljudkvalitet och lyssningsutrustning. Nya EU-direktiv om tillgänglighet ställer krav på förbättrade funktioner för ljudtydlighet i etermedia. För att tillgodose dessa krav behöver branschen utveckla funktionalitet för ökad dialogtydlighet och företrädesvis också stöd för att lyssnarna själva ska kunna styra dessa funktioner. Det finns många tekniker för att öka taluppfattbarheten, denna artikel använder Sveriges Radio som fallstudie för att utvärdera flera av dessa metoder. En studie om möjligheten till förbättrad taluppfattbarhet genom kontroll av ljudets dynamik (dynamic range control) och blindkallseparation (blind source separation) presenteras, och resultaten visar att båda metoderna kan ha en positiv inverkan. Dynamisk kontroll visar sig vara effektiv för att öka taluppfattbarheten genom att jämna ut dynamiskt innehåll. Tekniken lämpar sig också bra för implementering i en befintlig tvåkanals-infrastruktur, vilket är vanligt inom radioindustrin, på grund av att den inkluderas i nya ljud-kodekar. Blindkallseparation används bäst med måtta på grund av risk for ljudkvalitetsförsämring och är i första hand lämpad för förinspelat material på grund av den processeringstid som behövs.
