Cyber Physical Systems (CPS) are characterized by their ability to integrate the physical and information or cyber worlds. Their deployment in critical infrastructure have demonstrated a potential to ...transform the world. However, harnessing this potential is limited by their critical nature and the far reaching effects of cyber attacks on human, infrastructure and the environment. An attraction for cyber concerns in CPS rises from the process of sending information from sensors to actuators over the wireless communication medium, thereby widening the attack surface. Traditionally, CPS security has been investigated from the perspective of preventing intruders from gaining access to the system using cryptography and other access control techniques. Most research work have therefore focused on the detection of attacks in CPS. However, in a world of increasing adversaries, it is becoming more difficult to totally prevent CPS from adversarial attacks, hence the need to focus on making CPS resilient. Resilient CPS are designed to withstand disruptions and remain functional despite the operation of adversaries. One of the dominant methodologies explored for building resilient CPS is dependent on machine learning (ML) algorithms. However, rising from recent research in adversarial ML, we posit that ML algorithms for securing CPS must themselves be resilient. This paper is therefore aimed at comprehensively surveying the interactions between resilient CPS using ML and resilient ML when applied in CPS. The paper concludes with a number of research trends and promising future research directions. Furthermore, with this paper, readers can have a thorough understanding of recent advances on ML-based security and securing ML for CPS and countermeasures, as well as research trends in this active research area.
In this paper, we examine the impact of blockage on the mixed dual-hop RF/FSO (radio frequency / free-space optical) relaying systems. Despite the advantages of FSO systems such as immunity to ...interference, security, and high data rate, their performances have a strong dependency on atmospheric turbulences, pointing errors, and blockage. Buildings, trees, and birds can block the FSO beam. Consequently, the impact of the blockage is critical when it is premeditated and not only because of the random environment's structure. For further investigation, we consider an uplink communication scenario with dual-hop RF/FSO, where the RF link follows the generalized Double Shadowed \kappa-\mu model while the FSO link is subject to the pointing errors and the turbulences-induced fading modeled by Málaga- \mathcal{M} distribution. In this model, N-drones (attackers) are blocking the FSO link and, hence interrupting the communication. In this context, we carefully derive the outage probability while emphasizing the effect of blockage. Moreover, we propose a solution to avoid the blockage attack by considering an additional FSO-hop. Capitalizing on this, we derive the outage probability for triple-hop (RF/FSO/FSO) in terms of the multivariate Fox-H function.
Post-translation modification (PTM) plays a significant role in the understanding of protein functions. However, PTM identification is a very challenging problem in proteomics research field. In this ...paper, a dynamic time warping (DTW) model is introduced to find the optimal match between an experimental tandem mass spectrum (MS/MS) and a theoretical spectrum generated from a peptide sequence in a peptide database. Our approach can identify all types of PTMs in a blind mode. The test results on experimental spectra that contain no PTM, one PTM and two PTMs show that our approach can identify 95%, 93%, and 34% correct peptide sequences as the top 1 candidates, respectively, which is much better than other blind search methods.
Post-Translational Modifications (PTMs) play most important roles in the accomplishment of biological processes and molecular functions. It is challenging to identify two PTMs for a tandem mass ...spectrum. In this paper, we proposed a new algorithm to detect two PTMs with unknown types. First, we constructed a Pair of Peak Set (PPS) which is composed of pairs of peaks that have the highest sum of intensities. Second, we revealed the relationship between PPS and the whole experimental spectrum. Third, a series of logic conditions was proposed to detect PTMs from a MS/MS spectrum. Finally, we used a scoring function to rank the candidate hits. We applied the method to a large MS/MS data set and the experimental results demonstrated that the proposed method achieved better performance of identifying any types of PTMs in a blind mode than current existing methods.
The New Radio (NR) sidelink (SL) interface was initially specified to support NR Vehicle-to-everything (V2X) applications and lately to support NR Proximity Services (ProSe) public safety ...applications. Network support requirements differ between the operational demands of these two types of applications. Building upon an existing ns-3 NR V2X simulator, this paper details the extensions made to the simulator to cater to NR ProSe public safety applications. We use as case study the Mission Critical Push-to-Talk (MCPTT) application, a keystone of group communication in 5G NR public safety networks. We demonstrate through simulation results that our enhancements are essential for a more accurate representation of public safety applications.
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is associated with the spontaneous development of an aberrant heterogeneous hormonal environment that thought to be related to multiple genetic or environmental ...factors remain undefined. Previous studies indicated that
IL-1a
gene C (-889) T, a polymorphism of the gene encoding a protein which involved in various immune responses, inflammatory processes and hematopoiesis, and is associated with PCOS. A total of 205 PCOS patients and 177 healthy controls were included in this study that used PCR-RFLP to detect C (-889) T variant of
IL-1a
gene. Clinical measures determined previously were included in the SPSS analysis. The results showed that the presence of
IL-1a
gene C (-889) T polymorphism in PCOS and healthy controls in Chinese women was not significantly different when studying genotype and allele frequencies. (Genotype: χ
2
= 4.62, df = 2,
P
= 0.10; allele: χ
2
= 1.35, df = 1,
P
= 0.25). Furthermore, no association was found between metabolic parameters observed and
IL-1a
genotypes in PCOS patients in this study. In conclusion,
IL-1a
gene C (-889) T polymorphism does not appear to be risk factor for PCOS in this population of Chinese women.
The Open Radio Access Network (O-RAN), an industry-driven initiative, utilizes intelligent Radio Access Network (RAN) controllers and open interfaces to facilitate efficient spectrum sharing between ...LTE and NR RANs. In this paper, we introduce the Proactive Spectrum Adaptation Scheme (ProSAS), a data-driven, O-RAN-compatible spectrum sharing solution. ProSAS is an intelligent radio resource demand prediction and management scheme for intent-driven spectrum management that minimizes surplus or deficit experienced by both RANs. We illustrate the effectiveness of this solution using real-world LTE resource usage data and synthetically generated NR data. Lastly, we discuss a high-level O-RAN-compatible architecture of the proposed solution.
Abstract only
Hypoxic is a prominent characteristic of inflammatory tissue lesions and solid tumor microenvironment. Under hypoxia condition, the changes of phenotype and function of infiltrated ...immune cells will affect the disease development and prognosis. It has been suggested that hypoxia might inhibit the production of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) and the migration of human monocyte‐derived dendritic cells. However, the effects of hypoxia on murine bone marrow‐derived DC (BM‐DC) remain unclear. The present study is designed to compare the effects between hypoxic and normoxic conditions on the maturation and function of murine BM‐DC. We show here that hypoxia down‐regulated the expression of MHC II molecules and costimulatory molecules CD80, CD86 and CD137 on murine BM‐DC stimulated with LPS compared to that treated with normoxic condition, indicating that hypoxia inhibited the maturation of DC. Furthermore, hypoxia suppressed the expression of pro‐inflammatory cytokines (IL‐1, IL‐6, IL‐12 and TNF‐γ) and cell migration‐related gene (MMP9) in murine BM‐DC, but increased the levels of chemokine receptor (CCR7). Importantly, the hypoxia‐treated BM‐DC had reduced ability to stimulate the allogeneic CD4+T cell proliferation compared to normoxia‐differentiated BM‐DC. Thus, hypoxic microenvironment suppresses the maturation and function of murine BM‐DC demonstrated by downregulation of MHC Π and co‐stimulatory molecules and pro‐inflammatory cytokines, suggesting hypoxic DC as a possible target for tumor therapy.
This work was supported by grants from the Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 30628015) and (No. 30671976) and National “973” program (No. 2006CB503803).
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