Abstract Background Sepsis has high morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to investigate whether emodin, an anthraquinone derived from Chinese herb, exerts protective effects on lung ...injury in rat model of sepsis. Materials and methods Forty-eight male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups ( n = 12): normal group, sham operation group, cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) model group, and emodin treatment group. Saline or emodin (25 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally 0.5 h before CLP. The rats were sacrificed 48 h after CLP. Lung wet-to-dry weight ratio and pathologic changes in the lung were examined, the contents of malondialdehyde and myeloperoxidase in lung tissue were detected, serum tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin 6 levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and the phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) was detected by Western blot analysis. Results Compared with control group, CLP group exhibited higher wet-to-dry weight ratio and water content in the lung ( P < 0.01), but these indexes were reduced and pathologic changes in the lung were relieved in the emodin treatment group. In addition, lung malondialdehyde and myeloperoxidase contents, serum levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin 6, and phosphorylation of p38 MAPK increased in the CLP group but decreased in the emodin treatment group ( P < 0.05). Conclusions Emodin exerts protective effects on lung injury in septic rats, which is related to the inhibition of p38 MAPK pathway and the reduction of oxidative stress and inflammation response during sepsis.
AIM： To determine whether the carbon monoxide （CO）-releasing molecules （CORM）-Iiberated CO sup- press inflammatory responses in the small intestine of septic mice. METHODS： The C57BL/6 mice （male, n ...= 36; weight 20±2 g） were assigned to four groups in three re- spective experiments. Sepsis in mice was induced by cecal ligation and puncture （CLP） （24 h）. Tricarbonyl- dichlororuthenium （Ⅱ） dimer （CORM-2） （8 mg/kg, i. v.） was administrated immediately after induction of CLP. The levels of inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β （IL-1β） and tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α） in tis- sue homogenates were measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The levels of malondialdehyde （MDA） in the tissues were determined. The levels of nitric oxide （NO） in tissue homogenate were measured and the expression levels of intercellular adhesion mol- ecule 1 （ICAM-1） and inducible nitric oxide synthase （iNOS） in the small intestine were also assessed. NO and IL-8 levels in the supernatants were determined after the human adenocarcinoma cell line Caco-2 was stimulated by lipopolysaccharide （LPS） （10 g/mL） for 4 h in vitro. RESULTS： At 24 h after CLP, histological analysis showed that the ileum and jejunum from CLP mice in- duced severe edema and sloughing of the villous tips, as well as infiltration of inflammatory cells into the mu- cosa. Semi-quantitative analysis of histological samples of ileum and jejunum showed that granulocyte infil- tration in the septic mice was significantly increased compared to that in the sham group. Administration of CORM-2 significantly decreased granulocyte infiltration. At 24 h after CLP, the tissue MDA levels in the mid- ileum and mid-jejunum significantly increased com- pared to the sham animals （103.68 ± 23.88 nmol/ml vs 39.66 ± 8.23 nmol/mL, 89.66±9.98 nmol/mL vs 32.32 ± 7.43 nmol/mL, P 〈 0.01）. In vitro administra- tion of CORM-2, tissue MDA levels were significantly decreased （50.65±11.46 nmol/mL, 59.32 ± 6.62 nmol/mL, P 〈 0.05）. Meanwhile, the tissue IL-1β and TNF-α levels in the mid-ileum significantly increased compared to the sham animals （6.66±1.09 pg/mL vs 1.67±0.45 pg/mL, 19.34±3.99 pg/mL vs 3.98 ± 0.87 pg/mL, P 〈 0.01）. In vitro administration of CORM-2, tissue IL-1β and TNF-α levels were significantly de- creased （3.87 ± 1.08 pg/mL, 10.45±2.48 pg/mL, P 〈 0.05）. The levels of NO in mid-ileum and mid-jejunum tissue homogenate were also decreased （14.69 ± 2.45 nmol/mL vs 24.36 ± 2.97 nmol/mL, 18.47 ± 2.47 nmol/mL vs 27.33 ± 3.87 nmol/mL, P 〈 0.05）. The ex- pression of iNOS and ICAM-1 in the mid-ileum of septic mice at 24 h after CLP induction significantly increased compared to the sham animals. In vitro administration of CORM-2, expression of iNOS and ICAM-1 were sig- nificantly decreased. In parallel, the levels of NO and IL-8 in the supernatants of Caco-2 stimulated by LPS was markedly decreased in CORM-2-treated Caco-2 cells （2.22 ± 0.12 nmol/mL vs 6.25±1.69 nmol/mL, 24.97 ± 3.01 pg/mL vs 49.45± 5.11 pg/mL, P 〈 0.05）. CONCLUSION： CORM-released CO attenuates the inflammatory cytokine production （IL-1β and TNF-α）, and suppress the oxidative stress in the small intestine during sepsis by interfering with protein expression of ICAM-1 and iNOS.
Focal cerebral infarction causes β-amyloid (Aβ) deposition and secondary neuronal degeneration in the ipsilateral thalamus. Thalamus is the subcortical center of sensory, the damage of thalamus could ...cause sensory deficits. The present study aimed to investigate the protective effects of liraglutide, a long-acting glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP)-1 receptor agonist, on Aβ deposits and secondary damage in the ipsilateral thalamus after focal cerebral infarction. In addition, this study was conducted to investigate whether liraglutide could improve sensory function after focal cerebral infarction. Forty-two male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to distal middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and then randomly divided into liraglutide and vehicle groups, and 14 sham-operated rats as control. At 1 h after MCAO, rats in the liraglutide and vehicle groups were subcutaneously injected with liraglutide (100 μg/kg/d) and isopyknic vehicle, respectively, once a day for 7 days. Sensory function and secondary thalamic damage were assessed using adhesive-removal test and Nissl staining and immunostaining, respectively, at 7 days after MCAO. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase 2'-deoxyuridine 5'-triphosphate nick end labeling and Western blot were used to detect neuronal apoptosis. The results showed that liraglutide improved sensory deficit compared to the controls. Liraglutide treatment significantly reduced Aβ deposition compared with the vehicle treatment. Liraglutide treatment decreased the neuronal loss, astroglial and microglial activation, and apoptosis compared with the vehicle treatment. Liraglutide significantly down-regulated the expression of Bcl-2 and up-regulated that of Bax in the ipsilateral thalamus compared with the vehicle group. These results suggest that liraglutide ameliorates the deposition of Aβ and secondary damage in the ipsilateral thalamus, potentially contributing to improve sensory deficit after focal cerebral infarction.
Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries have attracted significant attention for their high specific capacity, non-toxic and harmless advantages. However, the shuttle effect limits their development. In this ...work, small-sized tin disulfide (SnS
2
) nanoparticles are embedded between interlayers of two-dimensional porous carbon nanosheets (PCNs), forming a multi-functional nanocomposite (PCN-SnS
2
) as a cathode carrier for Li-S batteries. The graphitized carbon nanosheets improve the overall conductivity of the electrode, and the abundant pores not only facilitate ion transfer and electrolyte permeation, but also buffer the volume change during the charge and discharge process to ensure the integrity of the electrode material. More importantly, the physical confinement of PCN, as well as the strong chemical adsorption and catalytic reaction of small SnS
2
nanoparticles, synergistically reduce the shuttle effect of polysulfides. The interaction between a porous layered structure and physical-chemical confinement gives the PCN-SnS
2
-S electrode high electrochemical performance. Even at a high rate of 2 C, a discharge capacity of 650 mA h g
−1
is maintained after 150 cycles, underscoring the positive results of SnS
2
based materials for Li S batteries. The galvanostatic intermittent titration technique results further confirm that the PCN-SnS
2
-S electrode has a high Li
+
transmission rate, which reduces the activation barrier and improves the electrochemical reaction kinetics. This work provides strong evidence that reducing the size of SnS
2
nanostructures is beneficial for capturing and reacting with polysulfides to alleviate their shuttle effect in Li-S batteries.
To evaluate the safety and efficacy of Ex-PRESS (R50) implantation combined with phacoemulsification in primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG) patients with cataract.Twenty-four eyes of 24 patients ...with unregulated PACG underwent combined cataract and glaucoma surgery. After phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation, the Ex-PRESS (R-50) was inserted into the anterior chamber under a scleral flap. The intraocular pressure (IOP), best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), number of medications, and complications were recorded preoperatively as well as postoperatively on day 7 and at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months.The mean follow-up was 16.4 ± 2.5 months (range 14-21 months) and the mean age of the patients was 64.7 ± 6.8 years (range 56-78 years). The mean IOP was 20.4 ± 5.4 mm Hg preoperatively and decreased to 10.2 ± 2.8, 13.1 ± 2.7, 14.9 ± 4.1, 14.3 ± 3.9, and 14.0 ± 3.6 mm Hg on day 7 and at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after surgery (all P < 0.005). At 12 months, the mean BCVA was 0.62 ± 0.33 and the number of medications was 0.3 ± 0.6. Most of complications were resolved spontaneously and conservatively.The Ex-PRESS implantation combined with phacoemulsification cataract extraction is safe and effective for reducing IOP and antiglaucoma medications in PACG patients with cataract.
AIMTo investigate the cytotoxic effect of specific T cells from mice with experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) as well as their secreted interferon (IFN)-γ and interleukin (IL)-17A on murine ...photoreceptor (661W) cells. METHODSAn EAU model was established in female mice by injection of interphotoreceptor retinoid binding protein (IRBP) emulsion supplemented with complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB). On day 12 after induction of EAU, specific T cells from spleen and lymph node tissues were isolated and cultured for 4d and the levels of IFN-γ and IL-17A in the supernatants were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). T cells and their supernatants were added to 661W cells to observe the alteration of cell morphology; IFN-γ and IL-17A were separately added to 661W cells to observe the effect of IFN-γ and IL-17A on cell proliferation. RESULTSThe levels of IFN-γ and IL-17A in the T cell supernatants were 1568.64±38.79 pg/mL and 1456.57±46.98 pg/mL, respectively. The supernatants apparently inhibited 661W cell proliferation (P<0.05). T cells could also attach to the surface of 661W cells, and IFN-γ showed a more serious cytotoxic effect on 661W cells than IL-17A, inhibiting cell proliferation (P<0.01). CONCLUSIONIFN-γ and IL-17A from T cells of EAU mice model can exert cytotoxic effects on murine photoreceptor cell proliferation, and IFN-γ shows more serious cytotoxic effects on murine photoreceptor cells than IL-17A.
The functionalization of porous metal–organic frameworks (Cu
3(
BTC)
2) was achieved by incorporating Keggin-type polyoxometalates (POMs), and further optimized via alkali metal ion-exchange. In ...addition to thermal gravimetric analysis, IR, single-crystal X-ray diffraction, and powder X-ray diffraction, the adsorption properties were characterized by N
2 and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) adsorption measurements, including short-chain alcohols (
C<4), cyclohexane, benzene, and toluene. The adsorption enthalpies estimated by the modified Clausius–Clapeyron equation provided insight into the impact of POMs and alkali metal cations on the adsorption of VOCs. The introduction of POMs not only improved the stability, but also brought the increase of adsorption capacity by strengthening the interaction with gas molecules. Furthermore, the exchanged alkali metal cations acted as active sites to interact with adsorbates and enhanced the adsorption of VOCs.
The adsorption behavior of volatile organic compounds in porous metal–organic frameworks functionalized by polyoxometalates has been systematically evaluated.
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► Functionalization of MOFs was achieved by incorporating Keggin-type POMs. ► Introduction of POMs improved the thermal stability and adsorption capacity. ► Alkali metal ion-exchange modified the inclusion state and also enhanced the adsorption. ► Adsorption enthalpies were estimated to study the impact of POMs and alkali metal cations.
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•The PtO@Ti3C2/TiO2 composite is obtained via Ti3C2 MXene in-situ conversion and following PtO nanodots photo-deposition.•The Ti3C2 MXene and PtO nanodots effectively separate the ...photogenerated electrons and holes.•The PtO nanodots also largely suppress the hydrogen back reaction.•The PtO@Ti3C2/TiO2 composite demonstrates remarkable photocatalytic H2 production efficiency.
Increasing the separation efficiency of photogenerated carriers and preventing the hydrogen back oxidation are two key challenges in photocatalytic hydrogen production. Herein, we report a promising PtO@Ti3C2/TiO2 photocatalyst to overcome these two challenges by in-situ growing TiO2 nanosheets on Ti3C2 MXene (to improve charge separation) and depositing PtO nanodots (to diminish hydrogen back reaction) for enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen production. Within this design principle, the photogenerated electrons and holes in the PtO@Ti3C2/TiO2 composites flow in opposite direction into PtO and Ti3C2 respectively, resulting in effective separation of the photogenerated electrons and holes. Beyond, the higher oxidation state of PtO nanodots also largely suppresses the undesirable hydrogen back oxidation reaction. Thereby the PtO@Ti3C2/TiO2 composite demonstrates remarkable hydrogen production efficiency. Our work here indicates that rational design of dual co-catalysts could not only promote the separation of photogenerated carriers for enhanced hydrogen production, but also inhibit the reverse reaction of hydrogen production.
UiO-66-AO material was prepared by Aza-Michael addition and amidoxime reaction, and was well characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS), and ...X-ray diffractometer(XRD). To evaluate the selective adsorption capacity of UiO-66-AO for U(Ⅵ) from radioactive wastewater, the adsorption experiment of U(Ⅵ) on UiO-66-AO was studied by batch adsorption technique. The effect of environmental conditions, such as solution pH, initial U(Ⅵ) concentration, and temperature were studied in detail. The experimental results show that the adsorption process reaches equilibrium in 4 h at pH=5, and follows the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The maximum adsorption capacity of UiO-66-AO for U(Ⅵ) can reach to 244 mg/g at 55 ℃ and pH=5, and it can be well described by Langmuir isotherm adsorption model. In addition, UiO-66-AO has excellent adsorption efficiency for U(Ⅵ) in the presence of many other metal ions.
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