Using behavioral, pharmacological, and molecular methods, lots of studies reveal that depression is closely related to the abnormal neural plasticity processes occurring in the prefrontal cortex and ...limbic system such as the hippocampus and amygdala. Meanwhile, functions of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and the other neurotrophins in the pathogenesis of depression are well known. The maladaptive neuroplastic in depression may be related to alterations in the levels of neurotrophic factors, which play a central role in plasticity. Enhancement of neurotrophic factors signaling has great potential in therapy for depression. This review highlights the relevance of neurotrophic factors mediated neural plasticity and pathophysiology of depression. These studies reviewed here may suggest new possible targets for antidepressant drugs such as neurotrophins, their receptors, and relevant signaling pathways, and agents facilitating the activation of gene expression and increasing the transcription of neurotrophic factors in the brain.
Anthropogenic climate change has emerged as a critical environmental problem, prompting frequent investigations into its consequences for various ecological systems. Few studies, however, have ...explored the effect of climate change on ecological stability and the underlying mechanisms. We conduct a field experiment to assess the influence of warming and altered precipitation on the temporal stability of plant community biomass in an alpine grassland located on the Tibetan Plateau. We find that whereas precipitation alteration does not influence biomass temporal stability, warming lowers stability through reducing the degree of species asynchrony. Importantly, biomass temporal stability is not influenced by plant species diversity, but is largely determined by the temporal stability of dominant species and asynchronous population dynamics among the coexisting species. Our findings suggest that ongoing and future climate change may alter stability properties of ecological communities, potentially hindering their ability to provide ecosystem services for humanity.
A second-order topological insulator (SOTI) in d spatial dimensions features topologically protected gapless states at its (d-2)-dimensional boundary at the intersection of two crystal faces, but is ...gapped otherwise. As a novel topological state, it has been attracting great interest, but it remains a challenge to identify a realistic SOTI material in two dimensions (2D). Here, based on combined first-principles calculations and theoretical analysis, we reveal the already experimentally synthesized 2D material graphdiyne as the first realistic example of a 2D SOTI, with topologically protected 0D corner states. The role of crystalline symmetry, the robustness against symmetry breaking, and the possible experimental characterization are discussed. Our results uncover a hidden topological character of graphdiyne and promote it as a concrete material platform for exploring the intriguing physics of higher-order topological phases.
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Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is characterized by androgen excess, ovulatory dysfunction and polycystic ovaries
, and is often accompanied by insulin resistance
. The mechanism of ovulatory ...dysfunction and insulin resistance in PCOS remains elusive, thus limiting the development of therapeutics. Improved metabolic health is associated with a relatively high microbiota gene content and increased microbial diversity
. This study aimed to investigate the impact of the gut microbiota and its metabolites on the regulation of PCOS-associated ovarian dysfunction and insulin resistance. Here, we report that Bacteroides vulgatus was markedly elevated in the gut microbiota of individuals with PCOS, accompanied by reduced glycodeoxycholic acid and tauroursodeoxycholic acid levels. Transplantation of fecal microbiota from women with PCOS or B. vulgatus-colonized recipient mice resulted in increased disruption of ovarian functions, insulin resistance, altered bile acid metabolism, reduced interleukin-22 secretion and infertility. Mechanistically, glycodeoxycholic acid induced intestinal group 3 innate lymphoid cell IL-22 secretion through GATA binding protein 3, and IL-22 in turn improved the PCOS phenotype. This finding is consistent with the reduced levels of IL-22 in individuals with PCOS. This study suggests that modifying the gut microbiota, altering bile acid metabolism and/or increasing IL-22 levels may be of value for the treatment of PCOS.
Response properties that are purely intrinsic to physical systems are of paramount importance in physics research, as they probe fundamental properties of band structures and allow quantitative ...calculation and comparison with experiment. For anomalous Hall transport in magnets, an intrinsic effect can appear at the second order to the applied electric field. We show that this intrinsic second-order anomalous Hall effect is associated with an intrinsic band geometric property-the dipole moment of Berry-connection polarizability (BCP) in momentum space. The effect has scaling relation and symmetry constraints that are distinct from the previously studied extrinsic contributions. Particularly, in antiferromagnets with PT symmetry, the intrinsic effect dominates. Combined with first-principles calculations, we demonstrate the first quantitative evaluation of the effect in the antiferromagnet Mn_{2}Au. We show that the BCP dipole and the resulting intrinsic second-order conductivity are pronounced around band near degeneracies. Importantly, the intrinsic response exhibits sensitive dependence on the Néel vector orientation with a 2π periodicity, which offers a new route for electric detection of the magnetic order in PT-invariant antiferromagnets.
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In the field of autofocus for optical systems, although passive focusing methods are widely used due to their cost-effectiveness, fixed focusing windows and evaluation functions in certain scenarios ...can still lead to focusing failures. Additionally, the lack of datasets limits the extensive research of deep learning methods. In this work, we propose a neural network autofocus method with the capability of dynamically selecting the region of interest (ROI). Our main work is as follows: first, we construct a dataset for automatic focusing of grayscale images; second, we transform the autofocus issue into an ordinal regression problem and propose two focusing strategies: full-stack search and single-frame prediction; and third, we construct a MobileViT network with a linear self-attention mechanism to achieve automatic focusing on dynamic regions of interest. The effectiveness of the proposed focusing method is verified through experiments, and the results show that the focusing MAE of the full-stack search can be as low as 0.094, with a focusing time of 27.8 ms, and the focusing MAE of the single-frame prediction can be as low as 0.142, with a focusing time of 27.5 ms.
In China, lotus is an important cultivated crop with multiple applications in ornaments, food, and environmental purification. Adventitious roots (ARs), a secondary root is necessary for the uptake ...of nutrition and water as the lotus principle root is underdeveloped. Therefore, AR formation in seedlings is very important for lotus breeding due to its effect on plant early growth. As lotus ARs formation was significantly affected by sucrose treatment, we analyzed the expression of genes and miRNAs upon treatment with differential concentrations of sucrose, and a crosstalk between sucrose and IAA was also identified.
Notably, 20 mg/L sucrose promoted the ARs development, whereas 60 mg/L sucrose inhibited the formation of ARs. To investigate the regulatory pathway during ARs formation, the expression of genes and miRNAs was evaluated by high-throughput tag-sequencing. We observed that the expression of 5438, 5184, and 5345 genes was enhanced in the GL20/CK0, GL60/CK0, and CK1/CK0 libraries, respectively. Further, the expression of 73, 78, and 71 miRNAs was upregulated in the ZT20/MCK0, ZT60/MCK0, and MCK1/MCK0 libraries, respectively. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis revealed that most of the differentially expressed genes and miRNAs in the GL20/GL60 and ZT20/ZT60 libraries were involved in signal transduction. A large number of these genes (29) and miRNAs (53) were associated with plant hormone metabolism. We observed an association between five miRNAs (miR160, miR156a-5p, miR397-5p_1, miR396a and miR167d) and nine genes (auxin response factor, protein brassinosteroid insensitive 1, laccase, and peroxidase 27) in the ZT20/ ZT60 libraries during ARs formation. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to validate the high-throughput tag-sequencing data.
We found that the expression of many critical genes involved in IAA synthesis and IAA transport was changed after treatment with various concentration of sucrose. Based on the change of these genes expression, IAA and sucrose content, we concluded that sucrose and IAA cooperatively regulated ARs formation. Sucrose affected ARs formation by improving IAA content at induction stage, and increased sucrose content might be also required for ARs development according to the changes tendency after application of exogenous IAA.
Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) 1α is a metabolic regulator that plays an important role in immunologic responses. Previous studies have demonstrated that HIF1α participates in the M1 polarization of ...macrophages. To clarify the mechanism of HIF1α-induced polarization of M1 macrophage, myeloid-specific HIF1α overexpression (Lysm HIF1α lsl) mice were employed and the bone marrow-derived and peritoneal macrophages were isolated. RT-PCR results revealed that HIF1α overexpression macrophage had a hyperinflammatory state characterized by the upregulation of M1 markers. Cellular bioenergetics analysis showed lower cellular oxygen consumption rates in the Lysm HIF1α lsl mice. Metabolomics studies showed that HIF1α overexpression led to increased glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathway intermediates. Further results revealed that macrophage M1 polarization, induced by HIF1α overexpression, was via upregulating the mRNA expression of the genes related to the glycolysis metabolism. Our results indicate that HIF1α promoted macrophage glycolysis metabolism, which induced M1 polarization in mice.
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer's disease. Its pathological features are dopaminergic neuronal death in the substantia nigra (SN), and ...significant reduction in dopamine (DA) content in the striatum. A large number of studies have found an increase in iron levels in PD patients and animal models, which suggested that brain iron metabolism dysfunction played a key role in the pathogenesis of PD. Lactoferrin (Lf) is a non‐heme iron‐binding glycoprotein belonging to the transferrin family, entering the cell membrane via a lactoferrin receptor‐mediated pathway. Lf exists mainly in two forms: iron‐free‐lactoferrin (apo‐Lf) and iron‐saturated‐lactoferrin (holo‐Lf). Our previous studies found thatapo‐Lf and holo‐Lf exert neuroprotective effects against 1‐methyl‐4‐phenylpyridinium toxicity in ventral mesencephalon neurons in vitro. This study aimed to further investigate whether two different forms of Lf have neuroprotective effects in vivo, and to examine their mechanisms, so as to provide an experimental basis for finding new therapeutic strategies against PD. In the central nervous system, Lf antagonized 1‐methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)‐induced DA depletion in the striatum, iron deposition, oxidative, and apoptotic processes in the SN. Lf treatment down‐regulated iron import protein divalent metal transporter1 and up‐regulated iron export protein ferroportin1, attenuating MPTP‐induced accumulation of nigral iron level. In the peripheral system, Lf alleviated MPTP‐induced increases in serum iron and ferritin, and decreases in serum total iron‐binding capacity, loss of spleen weight, and reduction in spleen iron content. The results indicate that Lf has a neuroprotective effect on MPTP‐induced PD model mice, and its mechanism may be related to anti‐iron dysregulation, anti‐oxidative stress, and anti‐apoptosis, with apo‐Lf showing greater efficacy. Therefore, Lf might be a promising therapeutic substance for PD.
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Lactoferrin (Lf) and lactoferrin receptor (LfR) both are found increased in dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson’s disease (PD). Increased secretion of Lf associated with excessive iron accumulation in the substantia nigra (SN) of PD raised the question of whether Lf is beneficial or harmful to PD. We investigated the protective effects of iron‐free Lf (apo‐Lf) and iron‐saturated Lf (holo‐Lf) in a 1‐Methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)‐induced mouse model of PD. In the central nervous system, results show that Lf antagonized MPTP‐induced dopamine (DA) depletion in striatum, iron deposition, oxidative, and apoptotic processes in SN. Lf treatment down‐regulated iron import protein divalent metal transporter (DMT1) and up‐regulated iron export protein ferroportin1 (FPN1), attenuating MPTP‐induced accumulation of nigral iron. In the peripheral system, Lf alleviated MPTP‐induced increases in serum iron and ferritin, and decreases in serum total iron‐binding capacity (TIBC), loss of spleen weight, and reduction in spleen iron content. As a conclusion, Lf has neuroprotective effects on MPTP‐induced PD model mice, and its mechanism may be related to the anti‐iron dysregulation, anti‐oxidative stress, and anti‐apoptosis, with apo‐Lf showing greater efficacy. Therefore, Lf might be a promising therapeutic substance for PD.
Tracking and detection have brought great challenges to network security. Therefore, this paper proposes a monitoring method of stealthy complex network attacks considering security situation ...awareness. By constructing a tracking model of invisible complex network attacks, public monitoring nodes are selected for monitoring. The cost of a single monitoring node is calculated by the algorithm, and the monitoring node is determined by the monitoring node algorithm, so as to reduce the resource occupancy rate of the monitoring node and improve the monitoring accuracy. The simulation results show that this method is stable in the range of 1000 to 4000 nodes, and can effectively monitor the complex network attacks of stealing secrets.
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