This article introduces an SRAM-based physically unclonable function (PUF) that employs hybrid-mode operations in the enhancement-enhancement (EE) SRAM mode and CMOS SRAM mode to achieve both high ...native stability and low power. A data latching scheme based on the hybrid structure enables operations under low supply voltage (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">{V}_{\text {DD}} </tex-math></inline-formula>). Furthermore, the proposed hybrid SRAM PUF is compatible with hot carrier injection (HCI) burn-in stabilization, which can reinforce PUF stability to ~100% without the requirements of bitcell redundancy, visible oxide damages, additional fabrication processes, helper data storage, or error-correcting code (ECC) circuits. The proposed PUF is fabricated in 130-nm standard CMOS, and the experimental results show that it achieves 0.29% native bit error rate (BER) at the nominal condition of 0.6 V/25 °C. The operating <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">{V}_{\text {DD}} </tex-math></inline-formula> scales down to 0.5 V, with a core energy efficiency of 2.07 fJ/b. After HCI burn-in, no bit errors are found across all <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">{V}_{\text {DD}} </tex-math></inline-formula>/temperature (VT) corners from 0.5 to 0.7 V and from −40 °C to 120 °C (5120 bits <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\times </tex-math></inline-formula> 500 evaluations tested at each condition). Long-term reliability is verified by using an accelerated aging test equivalent to approximately 21 years of operation, where the reinforced PUF shows no bit errors even at the worst VT corner of 0.5 V/120 °C during the test. The introduced hybrid SRAM PUF also passes all applicable NIST SP 800-22 randomness tests. It has a compact bitcell with an area of 497 F 2 .
This article proposes a mismatch self-compensation latch-based true random number generator (TRNG) that harvests a metastable region's enhanced random noise. The proposed TRNG exhibits high ...randomness across a wide voltage (0.3-1.0 V) and temperature (−20 °C-100 °C) range by employing XOR of only four entropy sources (ESs). To achieve a full entropy output, an 8-bit von Neumann post-processing with waiting (VN8W) is used. The randomness of the TRNG's output is verified by NIST SP 800-22 and NIST SP 800-90B tests. The proposed TRNG, fabricated in 130-nm CMOS, achieves state-of-the-art energy of 0.186 pJ/bit at 0.3 V with a core (four ESs + XOR circuits) area of 661 <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\mu \text{m}^{2} </tex-math></inline-formula> and a total area of 5561 <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\mu \text{m}^{2} </tex-math></inline-formula>, including VN8W. The robustness against power noise injection attacks is also demonstrated. An accelerating aging test revealed that the TRNG achieves a stable operation after 19 h of aging, which is equivalent to the 11-year life reliability. The mismatch-to-noise ratio analysis revealed that the XOR-OUT of TRNG core has more than 6<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\sigma </tex-math></inline-formula> robustness against random mismatch variations.
Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) is a cyclic heptapeptide; it is an intracellular toxin released by cyanobacteria that exhibits strong reproductive toxicity. Previous studies have demonstrated that MC-LR ...induces oxidative stress in granulosa cells by damaging the mitochondria, which eventually leads to follicle atresia and female subfertility. In the present study, granulosa cells were exposed to 0, 0.01, 0.1 and 1 μM MC-LR. After 24 h, we observed changes in mitochondrial cristae morphology and dynamics by analyzing the results of mitochondrial transmission electron microscopy and detecting the expression of DRP1. We also evaluated glucose intake using biochemical assays and expression of glucose transport related proteins. MC-LR exposure resulted in mitochondrial fragmentation and glucose intake decrease in granulosa cells, as shown by increasing mitochondrial fission via dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1) upregulation and decreasing glucose transporter 1 and 4 (GLUT1 and GLUT4). Furthermore, the expression levels of forkhead box protein M1 (FOXM1) significantly increased due to the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) after MC-LR exposure. Our results proved that MC-LR exposure causes mitochondrial fragmentation and glucose intake decrease in granulosa cells, which provides new insights to study the molecular mechanism of female reproductive toxicity induced by MC-LR.
•MC-LR exposure induced mitochondrial fragmentation and dysfunction in the ovarian granulosa cells.•MC-LR exposure induced glucose metabolism dysfunction.•FOXM1 was involved in the process through which MC-LR increased DRP1 expression.
Blockchain technology is considered to be the representative technology of the fourth technological revolution, and logistics and supply chain field has been considered as the main application ...direction in the next step by industry and academia. In order to study the behavior and intention of Chinese cross-border logistics enterprises to introduce blockchain into internal supply chain, this paper constructs a model of cross-border logistics enterprises adopting blockchain technology on the basis of bounded rationality based on the game model, this paper attempts to find out the factors that affect the introduction of blockchain into the internal supply chain through mathematical derivation and numerical analysis. The game results show that the willingness of cross-border logistics enterprises to adopt blockchain is closely related to the technical ability of blockchain, the incremental performance after the introduction of blockchain, the conversion cost of blockchain technology, and other factors. Enterprises should coordinate various factors and choose to adopt blockchain technology according to their own situation.
The effective removal of chlorine ion from the desulfurization slurry is of great significance to the stable operation of the desulfurization system. Modified fly ash hydrotalcites were prepared by ...alkali/acid-combined roasting and microwaving and used as an adsorbent for chlorine ion in desulfurized wastewater. The specific surface area and porosity of different adsorbents were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The impacts of pH, temperature, adsorbent dosage, and adsorption shaking time on adsorption performance were investigated. Results showed the alkali-combined roasting-modified fly ash hydrotalcite has the optimum removal effect on Cl–. The optimal adsorption performance was achieved when the pH was 8, the adsorption temperature was 60 °C, the mass concentration of adsorbent was 10 g/L, the adsorption shaking time was 180 min, and the removal percentage of Cl– was 68.1%. The adsorption isotherm was consistent with the Langmuir isotherm model, and the adsorption saturation was 694.4 mg/g, which belonged to monolayer adsorption.
The pursuit of high reversible capacity and long cycle life for rechargeable batteries has gained extensive attention in recent years, and the development of applicable electrode materials is the key ...point. Herein, thanks to the preintercalation of lithium ions, a stable and highly conductive nanostructure of V2C MXene is successfully fabricated via a facile self‐discharge mechanism, which provides open spaces for rapid ion diffusion and guarantees fast electron transport. Taking the prelithiated V2C as electrode, an outstanding initial coulombic efficiency of 80% and an impressive capacity retention of ≈98% after 5000 charge/discharge cycles are achieved for lithium‐ion batteries. Especially, it demonstrates a fascinating reversible capacity of up to 230.3 mA h g−1 at 0.02 A g−1 and a long cycling life of 82% capacity retention over 480 cycles in the hybrid magnesium/lithium‐ion batteries. In addition, the Mg2+ and Li+ ions cointercalation mechanism of the prelithiated V2C is elucidated through ex situ X‐ray diffraction and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy characterizations. This work not only offers an effective approach to compensate the large initial lithium loss of high‐capacity anode materials but also opens up a new and viable avenue to develop promising hybrid Mg/Li‐storage materials with eminent electrochemical performance.
Prelithiated V2C MXene with a stable and highly conductive nanostructure is prepared through a facile self‐discharge mechanism. The preintercalation of Li+ enables improved initial coulombic efficiency and enhances cycling performance in Li‐ion batteries; exceptional rate capability and unprecedentedly long cycling life are also achieved for Mg2+/Li+ cointercalation chemistry.
The natural polymer cellulose exhibits significant potential for various applications due to its unique optical, electronic, and chemical properties. However, the use of cellulose materials in ...luminescent applications has been relatively limited. This study aims to develop a simple and efficient method to enhance the fluorescence of cellulose materials by incorporating rare earth elements, thereby expanding their range of applications. In this work, we synthesized hybrid cellulose materials by grafting Eu‐bpy (H2bpydc=2,2‐bipyridine‐5,5‐dicarboxylic acid) onto the surface of cellulose fibers through a straightforward post‐processing procedure, resulting in materials with excellent fluorescence properties. By leveraging the abundant hydroxyl groups on the surface of cellulose fibers, Eu‐bpy@CF exhibits high luminescence in response to relative humidity and pH changes, with a noticeable color shift from light red to red visible to the naked eye. Consequently, these materials were further applied in the construction of smart fluorescent switches for the highly accurate and selective detection of phenylenediamine. Our research provides a simple approach to creating environmentally responsive handheld fluorescent papers and expands the diversity of rare‐earth cellulose fibers for developing new fluorescent materials with smart functions.
The new multi‐responsive flexible Ln‐MOFs papers were synthesized by simple post‐synthesis method between Eu‐bpy and natural cellulose fiber. The synthesized Eu‐bpy@CF has the highly sensing luminescence performance of relative humidity, pH value and p‐phenylenediamine with high accuracy and selectivity.
This article presents a true random number generator (TRNG) that achieves high entropy generation across wide voltage and temperature (VT) range (0.3-1.0 V, −40 °C to 110 °C) in a single latch-based ...entropy source (ES). In the ES, static inverter selection technique to minimize the mismatch between the paired inverters, and noise enhancement methods to increase the root mean square (rms) of noise voltage (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\sigma _{n} </tex-math></inline-formula>) are implemented for good randomness and robustness. In a 130-nm CMOS technology, the TRNG occupies 5343 <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\mu \text{m} ^{\mathrm{ 2}} </tex-math></inline-formula> and consumes 0.116 pJ/bit at 0.3 V including an on-chip von Neumann post-processing circuit. The cryptographic quality of TRNG's output is verified by National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) SP800-22 tests. Up to 325 mV <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">V </tex-math></inline-formula>pp noise injection attack tolerance is confirmed by power supply frequency injection attack. And an equivalent 20-year life at 0.3 V, 25 °C is verified by accelerated NBTI aging test.
The use of modified fly ash for preparing porous sound-absorbing materials and the optimum conditions of fly ash modification were studied. The effects of sintering temperature, sintering time, ...forming pressure, and other experimental conditions on porous sound-absorbing materials were also investigated. Results showed that the average volume density of the finished product was 0.93 g/cm
3
, the compressive strength was approximately 1.2 MPa, and the average porosity was nearly 60%. The average sound absorption coefficient of the sample in a low-frequency band was approximately 0.353, and the overall average sound absorption coefficient was nearly 0.458. The optimal preparation conditions were as follows: sintering temperature was 1100 °C, sintering time was 5 h, and molding pressure was 2 MPa.
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