This article considers sparse linear discriminant analysis of high-dimensional data. In contrast to the existing methods which are based on separate estimation of the precision matrix Ω and the ...difference δ of the mean vectors, we introduce a simple and effective classifier by estimating the product Ωδ directly through constrained ℓ
1
minimization. The estimator can be implemented efficiently using linear programming and the resulting classifier is called the linear programming discriminant (LPD) rule.
The LPD rule is shown to have desirable theoretical and numerical properties. It exploits the approximate sparsity of Ωδ and as a consequence allows cases where it can still perform well even when Ω and/or δ cannot be estimated consistently. Asymptotic properties of the LPD rule are investigated and consistency and rate of convergence results are given. The LPD classifier has superior finite sample performance and significant computational advantages over the existing methods that require separate estimation of Ω and δ. The LPD rule is also applied to analyze real datasets from lung cancer and leukemia studies. The classifier performs favorably in comparison to existing methods.
The relationship between urbanization and economic growth has been perplexing. In this paper, we identify the pattern of global change and the correlation of urbanization and economic growth, using ...cross-sectional, panel estimation and geographic information systems (GIS) methods. The analysis has been carried out on a global geographical scale, while the timescale of the study spans the last 30 years. The data shows that urbanization levels have changed substantially during these three decades. Empirical findings from cross-sectional data and panel data support the general notion of close links between urbanization levels and GDP per capita. However, we also present significant evidence that there is no correlation between urbanization speed and economic growth rate at the global level. Hence, we conclude that a given country cannot obtain the expected economic benefits from accelerated urbanization, especially if it takes the form of government-led urbanization. In addition, only when all facets are taken into consideration can we fully assess the urbanization process.
The amorphization and dislocation evolution mechanisms of a single crystal 6H-SiC were systematically investigated by using nano-indentation, high-resolution transmitted electron microscope (HRTEM), ...molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and the generalized stacking fault (GSF) energy surface analysis. Two major plastic deformation mechanisms of 6H-SiC under nano-indentation were revealed by HRTEM, i.e., (1) an amorphization region near the residual indentation mark, and (2) dislocations below the amorphization region in both the basal and prismatic planes. MD results showed that the amorphization process corresponds to the first “pop-in” event of the indentation load-displacement curve, while the dislocation nucleation and propagation are related to the consequent “pop-in” events. The amorphization is confirmed to achieve via an initial transformation from wurtzite structure to an intermediate structure, and then a further amorphization process.
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Although systematic evaluation has confirmed the efficacy of fresh fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) for treatment of recurrent and/or refractory and/or relapse C. difficile infection (RCDI), it ...lacks the support of well-designed randomized controlled trials (RCTs), and the latest guidelines do not optimize the management of FMT. In this paper, we focus on an in-depth study of fresh FMT and fecal infusion times to guide clinical practice.
We reviewed studies in PubMed, Medline, Embase, the Cochrane library and Cochrane Central written in English. The retrieval period was from the establishment of the databases to September 20th, 2018. The retrieval objects were published RCTs of RCDI treated by fresh FMT. The intervention group was fresh FMT group, while the control group included antibiotic therapy or placebo or frozen FMT or capsule. The primary and secondary outcomes were the clinical remission of diarrhea without relapse after 8-17 weeks and the occurrence of severe adverse events, respectively. Subgroup analysis analyzed the effect of single and multiple fecal infusions. Two authors independently completed the information extraction and assessed risk of bias and overall quality of the evidence.
8 randomized controlled trials met the inclusion criteria, involving 537 patients (273 in the fresh FMT group and 264 in the control group). The recurrence rate of clinical diarrhea in the fresh FMT group was 11.0% (30/273), which was significantly lower than the control group (24.6%, 65/264; P < 0.05); the pooled relative risk (RR) was 0.38 (95%CI:0.16-0.87; I2 = 67%; P = 0.02) in the fresh FMT group, and the clinical heterogeneity was significant and random effects model was used; However, there was no significant difference neither for the effect of antibiotic treatment/frozen feces transplanted by enema (RR = 1.07; 95%CI: 0.64-1.80; I2 = 0%; P = 0.79) or capsule/frozen feces transplanted by colonoscopy (RR = 0.42; 95%CI: 0.05-3.94; I2 = 43%; P = 0.45) compared with fresh FMT. The subgroup analysis showed that FMT by multiple infusions could effectively and significantly (RR = 0.24; 95%CI:0.10-0.58; I2 = 0%; P = 0.001) improve the clinical diarrhea remission rate. Most mild to moderate adverse events caused by FMT were self-limited and could be quickly alleviated; no severe adverse events happened because of FMT.
Overall, the use of fresh feces for bacterial transplantation was the best efficiency for RCDI compared to antibiotic therapy or placebo. The fecal transmission method by enema was not ideal, but capsules or frozen feces transported by colonoscopy could be an alternative treatment compared to fresh FMT. For patients with severe RCDI, multiple fecal transplants can effectively improve their diarrhea remission rate. The focus of future research should be on how to standardize the production of capsules or frozen feces to better guide the clinical management of RCDI patients by FMT.
An international consensus is emerging around the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) proposed by the Chinese government, with a growing number of countries seeing it as a way of jointly exploring new ...international economic governance mechanisms. Meanwhile, with the crisis of neo-liberalism, economic globalization has arrived at a crossroad. In particular, incessant voices speak out against globalization, making the quest for a new way of promoting global development a major challenge. In this context, more and more political elites and scholars consider that the BRI opens up a possible new globalization path, amongst which inclusive globalization warrants exploration. On the basis of a brief analysis of the course and mechanism of global economic expansion and the limitations of neo-liberal globalization, along with the putting into practice of the BRI, this paper outlines some of the core features of inclusive globalization, i.e., inclusive growth with effective and efficient government regulation; inclusive infrastructure development; inclusive development paths chosen nationally that suit national conditions; inclusive participation; and cultural inclusiveness. Although these features are not sufficient to characterize fully inclusive globalization, they do identify some directions for future research, and provide elements of a discursive construction of the BRI.
The root microbiome refers to the community of microbes living in association with a plant's roots, and includes mutualists, pathogens, and commensals. Here we focus on recent advances in the study ...of root commensal community which is the major research object of microbiome‐related researches. With the rapid development of new technologies, plant–commensal interactions can be explored with unprecedented breadth and depth. Both the soil environment and the host plant drive commensal community assembly. The bulk soil is the seed bank of potential commensals, and plants use root exudates and immune responses to build healthy microbial communities from the available microbes. The plant microbiome extends the functional system of plants by participating in a variety of processes, including nutrient absorption, growth promotion, and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Plants and their microbiomes have evolved adaptation strategies over time. However, there is still a huge gap in our understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of plant–commensal interactions. In this review, we summarize recent research on the assembly of root microbial communities and the effects of these communities on plant growth and development, and look at the prospects for promoting sustainable agricultural development through the study of the root microbiome.
Plant roots harbor a taxonomically defined microbial community (root microbiome), the assembly of which is influenced by soil environment and host plant. The root microbiome extends the functional system of plants by participating in a variety of processes, including nutrient absorption, growth promotion, and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses.
Outsourcing CO₂ within China Feng, Kuishuang; Davis, Steven J.; Sun, Laixiang ...
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - PNAS,
07/2013, Volume:
110, Issue:
28
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Recent studies have shown that the high standard of living enjoyed by people in the richest countries often comes at the expense of CO ₂ emissions produced with technologies of low efficiency in less ...affluent, developing countries. Less apparent is that this relationship between developed and developing can exist within a single country’s borders, with rich regions consuming and exporting high-value goods and services that depend upon production of low-cost and emission-intensive goods and services from poorer regions in the same country. As the world’s largest emitter of CO ₂, China is a prominent and important example, struggling to balance rapid economic growth and environmental sustainability across provinces that are in very different stages of development. In this study, we track CO ₂ emissions embodied in products traded among Chinese provinces and internationally. We find that 57% of China’s emissions are related to goods that are consumed outside of the province where they are produced. For instance, up to 80% of the emissions related to goods consumed in the highly developed coastal provinces are imported from less developed provinces in central and western China where many low–value-added but high–carbon-intensive goods are produced. Without policy attention to this sort of interprovincial carbon leakage, the less developed provinces will struggle to meet their emissions intensity targets, whereas the more developed provinces might achieve their own targets by further outsourcing. Consumption-based accounting of emissions can thus inform effective and equitable climate policy within China.
This paper illustrates the comparative results of measuring the surface texture of additive manufacturing parts using optical techniques (Alicona G4) and X-ray Computed Tomography (Nikon XTH225). The ...results of optical and XCT measurements are analysed respectively, per the surface texture parameters of ISO 25178-2. To target the most suitable measurement configuration, different measurements resulting from the same technique with various configurations are compared. The optical and XCT measured surfaces obtained via the targeted configuration parameters are then matched via surface registration to allow an accurate comparison in respect of both surface topography and its derived surface roughness parameters.
The people of China and its (widely differing) regions have not all benefited equally from the country’s rapid increase in prosperity, and the speed and timing of increases have varied across time ...and space. However, China has managed to help those left behind to catch up. These outcomes reflect a specific social model embedded in China’s cultural and political milieu. Exploring the Chinese Social Model presents new analysis and fresh research on how China deals with unequal development and inequality in the context of its surging economic growth. The book sheds new light on the workings of China’s social model, going beyond binary notions of market and state, and considers the new facets of its socialist market economy. In exploring these questions, the authors consider what is special about China and what the Chinese model is all about.
•The NaCl ethylene glycol-based electrolyte was introduced to realize EJM of titanium alloy with high precision.•Current efficiency curve of titanium alloy in NaCl ethylene glycol-based electrolyte ...was measured.•The accuracy deterioration mechanism in superimposed translating EJM using traditional water-based electrolyte was clarified.•Effect of main parameters on machining performance using ethylene glycol-based electrolyte was studied.•High-temperature electrolyte was proposed to help miniaturization of machined geometry in EJM using ethylene glycol-based electrolyte.
Titanium alloy is increasingly used in industries due to its outstanding properties but machining of such difficult-to-cut metal faces lots of challenges. As an advanced electrochemical machining (ECM) method, electrolyte jet machining (EJM) is a potential alternative for machining of titanium alloy. However, oxide layer usually forms in traditional water-based electrolyte, which prevents uniform dissolution and consequently deteriorates the machining accuracy. To overcome the oxide layer, a novel electrolyte with organic solvent, NaCl ethylene glycol (EG)-based solution, was introduced in EJM of a typical titanium alloy (Ti1023) in this work. The current efficiency curves in NaCl water-based and EG-based electrolytes were experimentally measured, which show opposite behavior. Besides, machining experiments were conducted using different electrolytes. The results show that NaCl EG-based electrolyte helps to avoid formation of oxide layer throughout the EJM process, leading to better comprehensive performance than water-based electrolyte, especially in superimposed translating EJM. In addition, parametric effects on machining performance using NaCl EG-based electrolyte were investigated as the hint for selecting optimum machining conditions. Furthermore, high electrolyte temperature was proposed in this work to enable usage of small nozzle in EJM with EG-based electrolyte for miniaturization of machined geometry.
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