•Runoff and sediment load responses to rainfall-related parameters were quantified in a typical alpine basin.•The combined effects of multiple driving factors on runoff and sediment load were ...discussed by using PLS-SEM.•Rainfall dominated the variation in runoff and sediment load, but its action gradually weakened after 2005.•Vegetation did not limit runoff but did reduce the sediment load with the increase in vegetation coverage.•Climate, vegetation cover, and snow jointly explained 73.9–76.7% and 39.2–52.4% of the total variability in runoff and sediment load, respectively.
Fluvial runoff and sediment play vital roles in channel evolution, material cycling, water resource utilization and ecological environment. In the context of global climate change, the assessment of runoff and sediment in response to climate change is of great significance for water and soil conservation, especially in alpine regions such as the Tibetan Plateau with limited availability of long-term observed data. In this study, based on the available records for the period 1980–2018, the spatiotemporal variations in rainfall-related parameters (rainfall and rainfall erosivity (RE)), and their impacts on the runoff–sediment load (SL) process were investigated in the Lhasa River Basin (LRB) by cross-coherence analysis. In addition, the individual and combined effects of other regional environmental factors (e.g., temperature, snow water equivalent (SWE) and vegetation) on runoff and SL were quantitatively identified using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). The results showed that the changes in rainfall-related parameters experienced an upward trend at a rate of 3.59 mm/decade (rainfall amount) and 46.05 MJ·mm·ha−1·h−1/decade (RE), respectively. The regions with the most obvious increase occurred in downstream of LRB. However, runoff displayed an insignificant decreasing trend, together with increasing water inputs from the wetter climate in the middle and lower reaches. The contrasting SL trends were found in the middle (significantly descending: 5.5 × 104 t/decade) and downstream reaches (slightly increasing: 19.27 × 104 t/decade). Rainfall-related parameters generally played a positive role in runoff and SL at all hydrological stations, and their action gradually weakened after 2005 despite still being the dominant factor. Other environmental variables, such as vegetation, did not limit runoff but did reduce the SL with an increase in vegetation coverage in the LRB, where large-area vegetation restoration projects were implemented and mainly distributed on the sandy land and floodplain of the lower reach of the basin. Snow, however, had slightly positive promoting effects on runoff and SL under the scenario of SWE reduction with increasing temperature. All above-mentioned variables jointly explained 73.9–76.7% and 39.2–52.4% of the total variability in runoff and SL, respectively. These findings provide valuable insights into future studies on water and soil conservation planning and ecological restoration in cold and high-altitude regions.
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•A eco-friendly method for treating bamboo was proposed for improving durability.•The bamboo after silver electrochemical treatment had good antifungal properties.•The mass loss rate ...of treated bamboo was very low especially for BS and BP (<1 %).•The variation of fixation performance among different sections was investigated.
An ecological method to improve the durability of bamboo has been proposed by electrochemical silver modification of hemicellulose and lignin. The influences of silver electrochemistry on the different sections of bamboo cross (BC), bamboo radial (BR), bamboo skin (BS) and bamboo pith (BP) were studied. The surface morphology and chemical properties of different bamboo sections were studied by environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The crystallite size of the silver particles was analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The fixation performance of silver particles was evaluated by leaching test. The microstructure and chemical composition of the bamboo were continuously observed and analyzed by ESEM and FTIR. The results showed that silver nanoparticles were uniformly distributed on the bamboo surface. BP had the most silver content due to more lignin and hemicellulose. A greater depth of penetration of the silver particles was observed for BC which has a vertical arrangement of its tissue. The mass loss rate of the different treated bamboo sections was significantly reduced by the decomposition of the fungi, especially for BS and BP (< 1 %). This study indicates that electrochemical silver modification of bamboo could be an effective alternative to the currently used preservation methods.
Introduction
Revisional bariatric surgery is being increasingly performed and is associated with higher operative risks. Optimal techniques to minimize complications remain controversial. Here, we ...report a retrospective review of the Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery Accreditation and Quality Improvement Program (MBSAQIP) Participant User Files (PUF) database, comparing outcomes between revision RBS and LBS.
Methods
The 2015 and 2016 MBSAQIP PUF database was retrospectively reviewed. Revision cases were identified using the Revision/Conversion Flag. Selected cases were further stratified by surgical approach. Subgroup analysis of sleeve gastrectomy and gastric bypass cases was performed. Case–controlled matching (1:1) was performed of the RBS and LBS cohorts, including gastric bypass and sleeve gastrectomy cohorts separately. Cases and controls were match by demographics, ASA classification, and preoperative comorbidities.
Results
26,404 revision cases were identified (93.3% LBS, 6.7% RBS). 85.6% were female and 67% white. Mean age and BMI were 48 years and 40.9 kg/m
2
. 1144 matched RBS and LBS cases were identified. RBS was associated with longer operative duration (
p
< 0.0001), LOS (
p
= 0.0002) and a higher rate of ICU admissions (1.3% vs 0.5%,
p
= 0.05). Aggregate bleeding and leak rates were higher in the RBS cohort. In both gastric bypass and sleeve gastrectomy cohorts, the robotic-assisted surgery remain associated with longer operative duration (
p
< 0.0001). In gastric bypass, rates of aggregate leak and bleeding were higher with robotic surgery, while transfusion was higher with laparoscopy. For sleeve gastrectomy cases, reoperation, readmission, intervention, sepsis, organ space SSI, and transfusion were higher with robotic surgery.
Conclusion
In this matched cohort analysis of revision bariatric surgery, both approaches were overall safe. RBS was associated with longer operative duration and higher rates of some complications. Complications were higher in the robotic sleeve cohort. Robotic is likely less cost-effective with no clear patient safety benefit, particularly for sleeve gastrectomy cases.
Adopting an historical approach, this essay reexamines the national minority films produced between 1949 and 1966 in socialist China with a focus on its role in the Chinese Communist Party's ...political project of building an ideal socialist citizenry. Shifting the critical anchoring of the national minority film from questions of representation to those of performance and spectatorship, it points out that cross-ethnic performance embedded within film narrative and discerned by historically situated audiences simultaneously constructs and deconstructs ethnicity, thus encouraging a transformative recognition across the ethnic boundary. Ultimately the national minority film models fraternity of citizenship essential to creating socialist subjectivity.
Steam explosion (SE) is one of the most advanced pretreatment processes currently used for the production of biofuel from lignocellulose. However, SE lignin is generally recovered as a secondary ...impure coproduct and mainly used for energy production. In this work, the beech wood sawdust was first exploded at 180 or 200 °C for 5 min after water or dilute acid impregnation. The recovery of the lignin from the exploded wood was studied using an alkali process at 80 °C or an ethanol-organosolv process at 200 °C. The impact of the SE parameters and of the delignification step on the lignin structure was examined by size exclusion and ionic chromatography and 31P and heteronuclear single quantum coherence NMR spectroscopies. The different lignin fractions have been evaluated for the production of the adhesive without the addition of any synthetic resin, composed of 50% glyoxalated lignin and 50% tannins. It was demonstrated by the thermomechanical analysis that the parameters of the process greatly impact the performance of the resulting resin. The SE lignin produced from the acid SE (a-SE) treatment at 200 °C followed by alkaline delignification led to an adhesive formulation displaying a very good performance with MOEmax ≈ 6000 MPa.
Wood dust is the major wastes from timber and wood-based panel processing, including wood sawing, sanding, chipping, flaking, etc., which easily causes fire and explosions. The fine wood dust had ...risks of inhaling the dust air, causing problems to the respiratory system of workers, as well as the explosive risk of the wood dust-air mixture. Wood dust explosions occur worldwide, which have caused massive damages to equipment, buildings, and environments, killed people, and threatened human health. This study was aimed at exploring the causes, affecting factors, mechanisms, models of wood dust explosions, and their environmental/health impacts through reviewing and analyzing the collected data in order to minimize wood dust explosion risks by improving of safety procedures in the wood processing industry. To better understood and prevent wood dust explosion cases in the future, this review collected the explosion reports and analyzed the accident information through the following aspects: 1) Summarization of published review articles regarding wood dust explosions in Introduction, 2) Scrutinization of wood dust explosion cases and design of testing device, 3) Exploration of effects of wood dust properties and surrounding conditions on explosion and their mechanisms, 4) Investigation of methods for reducing wood dust explosion risks, 5) Modeling and simulation of wood dust explosions, 6) Examination of environmental and health impacts of wood dust explosions. Finally, the findings in this review were summarized in Conclusions. By collecting dust explosion reports, reviewing literature, and analyzing the collected data, wood dust explosions can be better understood. The results of this study can be useful for the design of equipment and dust absorption systems, as well as further suggestion of safety improvement procedures to minimize or eliminate risks of wood dust-related fire and explosion in the wood processing industry and mitigate its impacts on environments and health.
Evaporation is a key element of the water and energy cycle and is essential in determining the spatial and temporal variations of meteorological elements. In particular, evaporation is crucial for ...thoroughly understanding the climate variations of a region. In this study, we discussed evaporation, precipitation, and temperature by adopting Linyi City in Shandong Province, China, which is an important agricultural region, as a research case. Linear regression analysis, the empirical orthogonal decomposition function, and the Morlet wavelet function were used to reveal the trends, spatiotemporal modes, and multi-time scale characteristics of the three climate factors and provide a theoretical basis for the efficient use of climate resources in the future development of regional agriculture. Results showed that the precipitation (2.09 mm/a) and temperature (0.04 ℃/a) in Linyi City exhibited a synchronous growth trend. Conversely, evaporation (−6.47 mm/a) showed a decreasing trend and the evaporation paradox because of the considerable decrease in evaporation energy. Regional development of water-consuming agriculture in consideration of global warming is a key point for improving water use efficiency in Linyi City. In terms of spatial distribution, precipitation was dominated by the first mode wherein low precipitation was observed at the early stage, and high precipitation occurred at the late stage. The first mode was supplemented by the second mode wherein an inverse phase change occurred in the southeast-northwest direction. Large interannual fluctuations were observed only in Yinan County. Temperature exhibited a pattern of warming change with high homogeneity. Evaporation demonstrated obvious heterogeneity and was dominated by two major modes, and the difference in evaporation between Junan County and the other regions of Linyi City was large. Therefore, the local regional climate changes in Yinan and Junan should be given attention. All three meteorological elements showed interannual and interdecadal variations in the short (5 a), medium (16 a), and long (25 a) terms, with precipitation, temperature, and evaporation dominated by 16 a, 24 a, and 31 a, respectively. In the short-term future, the regional precipitation and temperature in Linyi will experience decrements that are above the multiyear average, and evaporation will increase to above the multiyear average. Given the changing trends of precipitation, temperature, and evaporation, urgent requirements for the regional development of efficient water-saving irrigation and the promotion of digital agriculture should be proposed.
INTRODUCTION:The aim of this study is to identify factors that help prevent unintended and short interval pregnancy. Immediate postpartum IUD insertion should be offered routinely as a safe and ...effective option for postpartum contraception per ACOG. There is concern, however, that this results in a higher IUD expulsion rate than interval placement, as well increased failure in visualizing IUD strings at subsequent visits. In this study, we assess the effects of the four modifiable factors on both IUD expulsion and IUD string visualization when placed immediately postpartummode of delivery (SVD or CS), IUD type (Mirena/levonorgestrel or Paragard/copper), BMI (=35) and number of prior vaginal deliveries (<2 or >=2).
METHODS:This retrospective study was performed between 7/1/2017 and 1/15/2019 at Temple University Hospital. 193 women ages 15-42 attended a postpartum visit after immediate IUD placement at this hospital. Demographic data, dilation at time of c-section, use of epidural and reasons for IUD removal were noted.
RESULTS:Results indicate that none of the major factors when considered in isolation affect IUD expulsion. However, string visualization in postpartum visits is affected by two factors considered in this studyIUD type and mode of delivery.
CONCLUSION:Better understanding of an individual patient’s risk factors for IUD expulsion will help providers to counsel patients appropriately as to when to receive IUD given higher expulsion associated with immediate postpartum IUD insertion. Given string non-visualization involves time and cost to the patient and provider, better counseling guidelines should be developed based on the results of this study.
Despite playing various kinds of roles across genres from 1949 to 1965, Chen Qiang acquired stardom mainly due to his remarkable screen performance as villainous landlords in socialist China. His ...villain stardom is an aberrant case, compared to the majority of film stars in Chinese socialist cinema who encouraged identification and emulation and helped propagate socialist ideology to reform Chinese citizens. Paying special attention to socio-historically specific film exhibition practices and the actor's own reflections on his villain performance, this article argues that Chen's stardom functioned as an important affective technology within a wider and complex Communist propaganda enterprise in that it helped cultivate class hatred necessary for the Communist revolution and socialist land reform campaigns. Through this case study, the article suggests that close engagement with both cultural-historical specificities of cinema and recent critical theories of affect open up a space for researching the diversified star phenomena in contemporary China.
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